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2 ~ ( 出典 )( 原典 ) From INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS, EIGHTH EDITION by Hal Varian. Copyright (c) 2010, 2006, 2003, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1990, 1987 by Hal R. Varian. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. This selection may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher.

3 ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Probability, Expected Utility, and the Ellsberg Paradox by Thomas Coleman, Lecturer, University of Chicago Harris Public Policy

4 ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Ward, P. S., and V. Singh Risk and Ambiguity Preferences and the Adoption of New Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from Field Experiments in Rural India. IFPRI Discussion Paper Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Reproduced with permission from the International Food Policy Research Institute The full paper this excerpt is taken from is available online at

6 回以下の英文を読んで問 1~ 問 3 に答えなさい (100 点 ) 医豆 1The destruction of the world s maior fisheries has been widely documented, with a general consensus 出 at the biomass of top marine predators is now some I 0% fwhat it was half a century ago. 2Manvof 白 ese s 口氏 ies - such as the blue fin tuna. Atlantic cod. and swordfish in the Atlantic and Indian oceans - are exoected to be extinct within d笠辺監ュthere is ti 児 refore great interest in finding ways of managing fisheries that ensure their sustainable us 久 allowing a fish population to return to earlier levels and providing a secur 官 basis for a healthy and profitable fishery. The destruction of the world s fisheries is a classic illustration of the tragedy of the commons'. With open access, all boats are competing for the same fish: the more fish one catches, the fewer there are for others. Everyone rushes to catch as many as possible. There is no point in leaving fish untouched so they can breed, as competitors will catch them. Economists have developed fonnal models showing that the outcome is a massive overuse relative to the policy that would generate the greatest economic value from the fishery. 医亘 ( 注 ) ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Nature, Nature, Economics: Sustainable fisheries, Geoffrey Heal/Wolfram Schlenker, (c) 2008, -5-

7 医E In fisheries, the tragedy is manifested by fishermen racing to catch all they can before an annual limit is reached, with a fishery then being closed for the remainder of the year. Intensive fishing until the quota is fulfilled can result in a tendency to push fishing operations to the limit, marginalizing other concerns such as habitat protection or safety. To counteract this tendency, fishery policymakers have often moved to systems that allocate shares of the catch quota to individual vessels or groups of vessels, allowing these quota shares to be caught at any time during the fishing season. Fisheri 巴 sin the United States are not alone in using allocation of S 巴 cure catch shares. These have also been implemented by fisheries in various countries, including New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the European Union, and are usually called ι individual transferable quotas (ITQs) 吋. ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Nature, Nature, Marine conservation, The race to fish slows down, Andrew A. Rosenberg, (c) 2017, ー

8 ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Nature, Nature, Economics: Sustainable fisheries, Geoffrey Heal/Wolfram Schlenker, (c) 2008, ( 出典 )( 原典 ) Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: Nature, Nature, Marine conservation, The race to fish slows down, Andrew A. Rosenberg, (c) 2017,

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untitled SATO Kentaro Milk and its by-products are naturally nutritious food, and people in ancient Japan enjoyed tasting them as foods, drinks, or medicines. On the other hand, milk and its by-products were closely