UNIX ( )

Transcription

1 UNIX ( )

2

3 iii, ,., IBM AIX, 1998 RedHat 4.2, FreeBSD Release, FreeBSD 4.2-Release., 1998 RedHat 4.2, 1999 FreeBSD Release, 2001 FreeBSD 4.2-Release..,..,,. ( )..,.,.,.,.

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5 v , (1) (1) cd mkdir : ls : cat : rmdir : (2) ,, (2) cat, jless: ls touch: rm: cp: mv: chmod: ( ) jman: X Window System fvwm Mule Ctrl

6 vi 4.4 Mule Mule Mule Mule Mule , lpr: lpq: lprm: mail Mule , : : : (Followup) mnews mnews

7 vii 7 (3) passwd: chfn: PATH env: echo: , ps: fg: bg: kill: egrep: ( ) ( < > ) jman: , df du: tar: uuencode uudecode X Window System kinput2: X Window System xwd xwpick: X Window System convert: gv: PostScript : xwd, convert gv acroread4: PDF Tgif: Tgif gnuplot: gnuplot

8 viii eps gnuplot gimp / MuPAD MuPAD MuPAD MuPAD , , Scilab Scilab Scilab Scilab Scilab Scilab ,, IP MAC ifconfig: ping nslookup r rlogin telnet ftp WWW Netscape Netscape Netscape w3m

9 ix 12,, Perl Perl Perl Perl if while for foreach L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX AUC TEX L A TEX X Window System Mule dired : Mule Octave Octave Octave Octave Octave Octave ,

10 x A 233 A.1.login A.2.cshrc A.3.xinitrc A.4.Xdefaults A.5.emacs

11 xi 1.1 ( ) ( ) pwd lecture ls cat jless Mule trr ( 1) trr ( 2) trr Mule Files cp mv ls -l chmod X Window System Mule Mule mail mail

12 xii 5.3 Mule rmail Mule rmail mnews mnews ura mnews ura.eee mnews ura.eee.announce mnews mnews mnews mnews cc mnews mnews mnews mnews mnews MAIL (1) mnews mnews passwd chfn env PATH echo PATH ps ps ps df kinput xwpick gv gv gv gv gv gv Acrobat Reader

13 xiii Acrobat Reader File Acrobat Reader Acrobat Reader Acrobat Reader Acrobat Reader Tgif Tgif Tgif gnuplot gnuplot sample.dat sample.dat (1) sample.dat (2) MuPAD MuPAD Scilab ( ) Introduction to SCILAB Introduction to SCILAB Graphics: Introduction plot2d Scilab cos cos Elementary Functions

14 xiv 10.2 IP ifconfig ping nslookup telnet Netscape (1) Netscape (2) Netscape Netscape (1) Netscape (2) Web Web Netscape Netscape Web Netscape URL Netscape Netscape Netscape Web (w3m ) Web (w3m (1)) Web (w3m (2)) cshrc fvwm fvwm2rc xfishtank welcome.pl welcome.pl if.pl while.pl for.pl foreach.pl word-count.pl L A TEX L A TEX ( ), ( ), PostScript L A TEX Tgif

15 xv Mule dired Octave sample.m

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17 xvii Ctrl ( ) mail rmail mnews mnews ps tar tar Windows9X/Me/NT/ xwd Tgif gnuplot MuPAD MuPAD Scilab Scilab Scilab

18 xviii 9.7 Scilab Perl printf L A TEX AUC TEX C-c C-r Mule Mule Mule dired Octave Octave Octave Octave

19 1 1,,.,,.. 1,., ,.,., ,, 9 8 (, )., ( ), : ( ) 9:00 20:00 (, ) 9:00 20:00, , 2 3,., 2 ; ;,, ; 3. 2,., 3,, ,. 1.1 [ ]2.,., 1.1.,.

20 : ( ) 1.2: ( ), 1.2., 1.2,.,.,..,.,. 1.2,,,,,, ,,..,.,,. 3.,., Shift. Space.,.

21 1.2., 3 Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Num Suspend Setup Status Reverse Fone CRT/LCD Lock Tab! 1 Caps Lock Shift - BackSpace " 2 # 3 $ 4 % 5 & 6 Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G H J K L + ; 7 PgDn Z X C V B N M <, ( 8 ) 9 ~ 0 Shift >. = / - ^ * : { [ _ \ Print Scrn } [ Ins Del Enter PgUp Ctrl Ctrl Fn Alt Alt Ctrl 1.3:

22 4 1 1, 2,... 9, 0,., Shift,!, ". 2. Ctrl,. Esc,., Alt Ctrl Esc,. a Caps Lock,. 1. Tab.. Enter. BackSpace. BackSpace..,,, \ ( )., \. \ ( ),.. ~, ( ). ~. 4 (,,, )., ,.,.,, : 1.3?,, login: (1.1)

23 ,.,.,,.., ( ) ( ).,., (, d99999 ), Enter.. login: d99999 passwd: (1.2),.,.,.,,.,,, Enter.,. ( ). 1.4, 1.5., X Window System 1.5:. kterm. kterm, 1., kterm. X Window System, kterm..?, ( )..

24 6 1, kterm 1., 1., 1.6., ( 1.6: ), KTerm. KTerm, 1. 2 kterm., kterm. 3.,. kterm 1., kterm 1.7.,. 1.7:, 1., kterm. 2, kterm,, exit (1.3)., Enter. 3,.,.,.,,, :, 1.9.,

25 ),.,, : 1.5.,.., Fvwm, , 1.10:. 1.6,. [ ]2.,, ( ). shutdown. kterm, /sbin/shutdown -p now (1.4)., Enter.,, 1., ( Space )..

26 ,, ( ).,, ,. f j,.,. 1.8,.,.,.,..,.,,..,., ( )., ( Windows95 Windows98, Windows95 Windows98 )....

27 Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Num Suspend Setup Status Reverse Fone CRT/LCD Lock Tab! 1 Caps Lock Shift " 2 # 3 $ 4 % 5 & 6 Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G Z X C V B 7 H ( 8 ) 9 J K L + ; N M <, ~ 0 >. = / - ^ * : { [ _ \ Print Scrn } [ Ins Del Enter BackSpace PgUp PgDn Shift Ctrl Ctrl Fn Alt Alt Ctrl 1.11:

28

29 11 2 (1) 2,,, X Window System, ( ).,.,. 2 4., UNIX, FreeBSD. UNIX, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris,.,, 3. 3, kterm 3. /sbin/shutdown -p now (2.1) , 1. Fvwm 2. ;., Enter. (2.2) (2.3) 2.1 UNIX,,.. (. ), 1.,,.,,,,.,.,,.., ( ).

30 12 2 (1) pwd (2.4)., 2.1., ( ). 2.1: pwd 2.2 UNIX,,... pwd, ( ). pwd, print working directory. 2.3,. 1, 1.,., 400. ( ), 4. ( ).,,, 10,000., 10,000.,, 1.?,.,,.,?,.,., ( ),

31 2.4. (1) pwd. ( /home/b/y99/d99999 ),. /,.., /,., /home/b/y99/d99999, (2.5), home, b, y99, d , /home/a, /home/b,. 2.2:,.,,,.,. 2.4 (1) cd mkdir : cd mkdir., cd change directory, mkdir make directory. kterm. X Window System kterm, ( ),.,,. cd.,. 1 pwd,. y97 d99002,,, y98... (2.6) (2.7)

32 14 2 (1) mkdir lecture (2.8)., lecture.,. cd lecture (2.9)., pwd (2.10)., : lecture mkdir,., make directory., mkdir.,,. ( ),,,, _,. cd., change directory., cd (2.11),., cd lecture (2.12), cd,., cd. pwd., cd, (2.13) cd./lecture (2.14)

33 2.4. (1) 15. lecture., ( ) ( )., cd /home/b/y99/d99999/lecture (2.15),., ( ), b/y99/d ( ) ( ), ( ). path ( ).,., 3., ~ (, )., cd ~/lecture (2.16), lecture.,., ,.. 2.1: ~ ls :,. ls. ls list. ls, cd., ls (2.17) (2.18). 2.4.,., (2.4.2)..,,.,,,.login.fvwm2rc.

34 16 2 (1) cat :,. cat.login (2.19)., 2.5.login. cat,., concatenation., concatenation,. 2.4: ls 2.5: cat cat jless. jless.fvwm2rc (2.20). 2.6., 2.6: jless Ctrl + n (2.21) ( Ctrl n ). 1., Ctrl + p (2.22) ( Ctrl p ) 1. ( ). jless, q 1. jless, cat more, more less, j,. ( less ).

35 rmdir :, rmdir. rmdir remove directory. 1. cd ~/lecture mkdir test ls. test., rmdir test ls, test. (2.23) (2.24) 2.5,., trr. trr, Mule ( ). trr., ( 1.11).,,..,, Mule. Mule 4. Mule, 2.7. trr. Mule, ESC, x, trr., 2.8., 1 ( ) Enter. 2.9.,.,., 1. ^M., Ctrl m, Enter. 1,, 2.10,.,,, trr. trr, Ctrl + c (2.25)., Ctrl + c, Ctrl c., y (2.26),..., trr., Mule., Mule, Ctrl + x Ctrl + c (2.27).,, Ctrl x, Ctrl c., Ctrl + x Ctrl + c,, ( ).

36 18 2 (1) 2.7: Mule 2.8: trr ( 1) 2.9: trr ( 2) 2.10: trr Mule., Mule Files, ( ), Exit Emacs (C-x C-c) (2.28),., : Mule Files, kterm, Mule.,., 2.2.,.,.., : :./lecture : /home/b/y99/d99999/lecture

37 : 2 ( ) ( ) cd change directory pwd print working directory mkdir make directory rmdir remove directory ls list cat concatenation jless 2 ~....

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39 21 3 (2) 3, 2,., ( ) ,,,, csh., csh, ( ), ( ), ( ).,,.,., C-f (3.1), Ctrl f. C-b C-p C-n, Ctrl., (3.1) Mule, Mule., Ctrl + f.,. kterm, ls., kterm, C-p (3.3),.,., ( )., C-b.. 1? C-f, 1.. C-n (3.6),, 1.,,. (3.2) (3.4) (3.5)

40 22 3 (2) C-d (3.7),., C-h (3.8), BackSpace,. Enter.,., 1 C-p., 3.1. p previous( 3.1: C-p Ctrl + p 1 C-n Ctrl + n 1 C-f Ctrl + f 1 C-b Ctrl + b 1 C-a Ctrl + a C-e Ctrl + e C-d Ctrl + d C-h Ctrl + h 1 ), n next( ), f forward( ), b backward( ).,.,,.., cd, (3.9) cd l (3.10)., ( ). Tab 1 ESC 2, cd lecture/ (3.11). Enter, cd lecture. 3.2 (2).,.,.,

41 3.2. (2) 23, (, - ) 1.,.,,,., : ( ) ( ) cd change directory pwd print working directory mkdir make directory rmdir remove directory ls list cat concatenation jless touch rm remove mv move chmod change mode jman cat, jless:,. cat jless, jless q ls ls,. a l F (. ) / ls -a ls -l (3.12) ls -F ls -laf

42 24 3 (2) touch:,,. cd ~/lecture/ (3.13), ( ). touch.. touch aaa, aaa. ls,. (3.14) (3.15) rm:, rm. rm remove ( ). rm.. rm aaa., ls, aaa. (3.16) (3.17) rm, ls,., r., rm, *.,., rm *.* (3.18), a.txt b.dat cp:, cp. copy( ). cp (3.19)... touch bbb ls -laf cp bbb ccc ls -laf (3.20) ls, 1 ls ccc. cp,., r

43 3.2. (2) : cp mv:, mv. mv, move ( )., mv (3.21).. mv ccc eee ls -laf 3.2. ccc, eee 3.2: mv. mv,., mv., * rm cp chmod: ( ), ls -l (3.22).,

44 26 3 (2) drwxr-xr-x 3 d99999 y Apr 19 04:56 lecture., ,, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ drwxr-xr-x 3 d99999 y Apr 19 04:56 lecture ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ 3.3: ls -l., w. w,,,..,,., chmod., chmod u,g,o,a +r,w,x., a:, u:, g:, o: ; +:, -: ; r:, w:, x:.,. kterm,.,, #.. touch foo ls -l foo chmod a+x foo ls -l foo chmod a+r foo ls -l foo chmod go-rx foo ls -l foo # foo # foo # # # # #, #, 3.5. (3.23) chmod a+x,., chmod go-rx,. go rx, and. chmod jman:

45 3.3. X Window System fvwm2 27 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ d r w x r - x r - x r: -: x: -: ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ w: ÿÿÿÿÿÿ -: ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ d: -: ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ 3.5: chmod 3.4: jman (3.24). jman man. jman ls., ls. (3.25) 3.3 X Window System fvwm2, X Window System., X Window System,.,, fvwm2., fvwm2 X Window System 3.6. X Window System 3.6: X Window System,., 3.6,.

46 28 3 (2) 3.3.1, ,., ( kterm ). 1, 2. 4 L.., 2.,. 3.7: 3.3.2,..,,,. 2., ( ). ( 2 ),.. 1., :,,.,,

47 3.3. X Window System fvwm2 29 ( 1 ),. 1...,,.. kterm, Mule, fvwm2...., x600.,,,.,.,., Ctrl + Ctrl + Ctrl + Ctrl + (3.26).?,, 4, 1 1/4. 4., Ctrl +,.,.,,. 4, ( ). 40.

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49 31 4,.,,. 4.1,,.,.,,.., ( ) ( ) 2.,,.,.,,.,?,,.,,.,., UNIX,, TEX L A TEX,. L A TEX. UNIX, Mule., GNU Emacs. Mule. (C, TeX, HTML, JAVA, ) WWW

50 32 4 kterm.emacs, ( ) Mule,.,,. 4.2 Mule Mule, kterm mule, Mule 2., Mule., Mule. Mule Mule,,. Mule, Mule Ctrl + x, Ctrl + c. 4.3 Ctrl,, C-x, Ctrl x., C-x C-f, Ctrl x, Ctrl f. C-x C-f,., Mule,. Esc, Ctrl. Ctrl,, Esc 1,., M-x, Esc, x., Mule X Window System, Alt. ESC, Alt Ctrl,., Alt M-x, Alt x. mule -nw (4.1) Mule Alt. Ctrl 4.1.

51 Mule 33 C-x C-x C-f M-x M-x rmail 4.1: Ctrl Ctrl + x Ctrl + x Ctrl + f ( ) 2 : Esc 1, x Alt + x 2 : Esc 1, x, rmail Alt + x, rmail 4.4 Mule Mule,.,.,,.,,,.,,. 1,.,,,,,..,.,., Mule Mule.,., lecture. cd ~/lecture Mule, 1. Mule 2.

52 Mule. Mule Mule, kterm Mule. kterm mule., 4.1, Mule. Mule 4.1: Mule,,.,., Mule, C-x C-f (4.2).,, Find file: ~/lecture/., Mule,., test.txt (4.3)., C-b 1, C-f 1., C-d, C-h.,. Enter ( )., 1 (New file). (New file),., test.txt., ( )., aaa (4.4)

53 4.4. Mule 35,. C-x C-s (4.5)., 1 Wrote /home/b/y99/d99999/lecture/test.txt ( ).. Mule Mule., C-x C-c (4.6) Mule Mule, Mule. Mule 1 ( ),. Mule, Mule., 4.2: Mule. Mule. fvwm2.,.,.,. ( ) ( ). Mule. 2, ( ). Mule (, ).

54 Mule, Mule,, ( )..,., C-f, C-b, C-p, C-n. C- 1 forward, backward, previous, next.,,,.. C-d, C-h. Delete BackSpace., C-k, 1., C-u. Mule,,., C-g. C-g. Mule : C-f 1 forward C-b 1 backward C-p 1 previous C-n 1 next C-d Delete C-h 1 BackSpace C-k Edit Cut 4.3: C-x C-f Files Open File... C-x C-s Files Save Buffer... C-x C-w Files Save Buffer As... C-x C-c Mule Files Exit Emacs... C-x i Files Insert File... C-x u Edit Undo... C-g Mule Mule,.,. Mule, C-x h T (4.7).,,

55 h 3. Shift + t., Mule Language: (4.8). Japanese (4.9) ( )., Mule. C-x h Mule. Mule Mule C-h,, kterm.,. 4.5 UNIX,., ( ( ), ). Mule, kinput2, X Window System Mule,,., Mule ( 2 ) 4.5.., C-o (4.10)., 4.5. [ ].,., 1 C-o (4.11)., 4.5. [ ]. C-o 1,.

56 : 4.4: 4.5: 4.5.2,.. ( [ ] ) C-o., aiueo (4.12)., Mule (4.13)., ( ).,.,,.,, BackSpace ( C-h)., kakikukeko., (4.14) (4.15) (4.16).,., nn. (4.17), 2... hattenn sippai supponn puttunn dokkann (4.18)...

57 kya kyu kyo sya syu syo (4.19), xa xi xu xe xo xya xyu xyo (4.20). vu wi we (4.21).,., si shi. BackSpace ( C-h).,, Mule C-g.,. kaowoarau (4.22) ( ), (4.23)

58 40 4.,,.,,.,. haganukeru (4.24) ( ),.,, (4.25).,, (4.5.3), (4.5.3)., (4.5.3).? 2., C-n (4.26).,. 1 C-p (4.27).,,.,,., 4.6, :, 1.. C-f, C-b C-p ( ) C-n ( ) Enter.,,., kyouhatottemoiitenki (4.28) ( ).,

59 :., 2 3.,,, 4.7,.., 4.7, 2 3, C-f C-b,,.,, usagioishikanoyama (4.29), (4.30)., (4.31), 1 C-o, 1 C-i.. C-o C-i ( ) ( ) (4.5.3)

60

61 ,,, C-n.,.., C-n., C-g ,.,.,,., (1 16 ), 1 8.,,.,, JIS.., , lpr, lpq lprm 3.,., (4.33)., 1 1., 1.,,,.,, 1., 1, (4.34).,, PostScript (cat jless ). PostScript (4.35)

62 : C-g Space C-n, Space C-n C-p C-f C-b C-o C-i C-f C-b C-n ( ) C-p ( ) lpr:, PostScript., PostScript,.,, a2ps PostScript.. foo.ps ps lpr foo.ps (4.36) ( test.txt ) a2ps test.txt lpr (4.37) lpq: lpq,., lprm,., lpq, (4.38) en01:$ lpq no entries (4.39)

63 lpr foo.ps (4.40), Rank Owner Job Files Total Size (4.41) 1st hanba 611 foo.ps bytes., lprm:, lprm 611 (4.42), prm,.,,. lpq Job., , a2ps lpr lpq lprm 4.5: PostScript

64

65 47 5,.,,.,,, 1), 2) 3).,, 1 ) 2 ), 3 ).. 5.1:, 1 1., web 1. 1 ( ). 1..,, 1 1., mail Mule 2.,,., mail mbox, Mule RMAIL..

66 48 5 d*****@edu.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (d***** (.)., ( ) : ( ) edu. eee. u-ryukyu. ac. jp 5.2 mail mail, UNIX,.,.,, mail,., Mule, mnews., mail , mail., mail, Enter. kterm., d*****. mail d*****@edu.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (5.1), Subject: (5.2)... 1, Test of mail command (5.3). Enter., ( ). ( )., ( )., (.)., EOT. 5.1.

67 5.2. mail : mail 5.2.2,., mail (5.4)., 5.2. >N., &( ), mail.., n., ( )., &.. q. (5.5) (5.6) 5.2: mail mail , Enter., mbox., 1,, 5.3.,

68 Mule. Mule, Mule : mail? h ( ) q mail x mail n ( ) d R m s 5.3, jless.,, q (5.7). mail jless jless mail, jless., mail,. mbox 1, mail -f. (5.8) 5.2.3, mail < (5.9)., d000000@edu.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.cshrc,. mail d000000@edu.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp <.cshrc (5.10),.cshrc. 5.3 Mule 5.3.1

69 5.3. Mule 51 M-x mail (5.11)., M-x ESC, x., (5.3.1) M-x mail, ( )., (5.3.1), C-x m (5.12)., Mule To: Subject: (5.13) --text follows this line--.,., To:, Subject:., ( )., --text follows this line--. --text follows this line--,., C-c C-c (5.14). (5.3.1), 1 Ctrl c, 1 Ctrl c,. Mule Sending...done (5.15),., Mule, Mule M-x rmail (5.16)., Mule.,, RMAIL.,. rmail, , Enter. mail,.,, m, r, f,,.,, C-c C-c (5.17)

70 : rmail 1. Delete 1... o rmail. C-o UNIX. d (rmail, ). u. q rmail. n 1 ( ). M-n 1. p 1 ( ). M-p 1., g (rmail ). m (C-c C-c ). r (C-c C-c ). C-c C-y ( ). f (C-c C-c ). t.? rmail. Sending...done (5.18)., rmail?., 2,.,,.,,. ( ), C-x o (5.19)., 1 C-x o,.,. C-n, C-p,., rmail, C-x 1 (5.20). :,, Mule rmail

71 5.3. Mule 53. Mule, M-x rmail (5.21)., 5.3 Mule rmail.,,.,., rmail.,? (5.22)., 5.4 Mule 2,.,. C-x o (5.23)., C-x,. 1 C-x o.,., C-x 1., 1 1. l. 5.3: Mule rmail 5.4: Mule rmail, q rmail.

72 54 5 :,.,,,. M-x rmail (5.24) rmail., r. r (5.25), 5.5 Mule 2,.,., 5.5:,,.. C-c C-y (5.26),, >> ( )., C-c C-c (5.27)., rmail. q (5.28) rmail. 5.4,...,., FAX.

73 ,,., ,,...,.,.,...,,.,,. Microsoft Windows,.. Microsoft Windows,.,,., Microsoft Windows Outlook Express, ( ),...,,,.,,.. html...,.,,.,,,,.,,.

74 ,,. 1 0.,.,?, 1 0, (1 0 ),. 8, 8 1. ( )., 52 (,,. )., 1 (8 ), , 1. ASCII 8., ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange., EBCDIC EBCDIK.,, 1.,,. 1., 1.,,,.,., ( ) JIS, JIS (MS ) EUC (AT&T JIS, UJIS ) 3., Unicode., EUC UNIX, JIS Windows. JIS,., EUC JIS,,., JIS., JIS,. JIS.

75 ,...., bsd, ura.comp.os.bsd. ura ( ). 2 comp, 3 os. ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ura eee comp ie os... bsd dosv linux... fj... japan :,,.,...,. 6.2,.,. ura.,.

76 ( ), mnews., mnews., mnews,. mnews 6.1., mnews? (6.1)., q (6.2). C-n, j, C-p, k, N P Space,i q o Q 6.1: mnews, mnews, mnews mnews? (q ) U a f F C m r R d u Delete I ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), mnews. kterm, mnews (6.3)., mnews., 6.2.,. 6.2.,, fj, japan, ura 3., 2 MAIL RMAIL.,.

77 : mnews 6.2: fj japan ura JUNET ( )... fj,.. 6.3: mnews [Y] [N] [M] ( ) [B] ( ) [-] ( ) [+]

78 60 6, C-n ura. Space., 6.3.,., ura.eee Space., 6.4, ura.eee. ura.eee.announce Space., 2, :100 (6.4). 100,. Enter.,, 6.5., /,,,,, ( ).,.,.,. Message-ID. Re: Space,., C-n, C-p. Enter.? 6.6., q. q (6.5),., 1 q (6.6)., ura.eee. 6.2 mnews q, mnews., Q, mnews. Q (6.7) mnews, 2 (6.8), mnews. 6.4.signature,.,.. Shigeru Hanba Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus

79 : mnews ura 6.4: mnews ura.eee 6.6: mnews 6.5: mnews ura.eee.announce 6.7: mnews

80 62 6,.,., ( ).,, ,.,,. 1,.,.,,..,., ura.test..., ( ).., 1. ura,., fj japan,., 3...,.,...,.,,.,,.,..,.,, 1, 1.,.,,.., Message-ID,.,, Message-ID,.,,

81 ,.,,.,.,,,,,,,.,.. Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer,. Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer,.,.,., ( ).,.,.,,, (I, II, III), ( ).,,.,?, ura.test : ura.test a (6.9)., :ura.test (6.10) ( 6.8 ). Enter., Enter :, (subject) : (6.11)..,., EE Pro_kiso, test by d***** (6.12) ((d*****) )., ( ) (subject) :EE pro_kiso, test by hanba (6.13), Enter.,

82 64 6 (distribution) : (6.14). local ( ),. local., local. (distribution) :local (6.15) Enter., 6.11,., Mule 1, --text follows this line--., : : (6.16) : C-x C-s C-x C-c (6.17), Mule.., q (6.18),? [Y/N/E(dit)/M(ime)]: ( 6.13). y, n, e., y (6.19)., q Q mnews. 1., ( ).,,,., 1,, EDITOR.,

83 : 6.9: 6.10: 6.11: 6.12: 6.13:

84 66 6,,.,..,. 6.6,,. mnews g (6.20)., ura.test,.,,. ( ), v (6.21). v 6.14, : 6.15:. From: (d*****@edu.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp)? Message-ID:,. DATE:.,. 9.? :?,,,..

85 ,.,,,., C.,., C ( C).,. y (6.22), n (6.23). 6.8 (Followup), f (6.24) F (6.25). f, F mnews mnews., mnews, m.,., mnews, m (6.26)., (to) : (6.27).. Enter ( 6.16)., (cc) : (6.28)

86 68 6., cc carbon copy.,. cc., Enter ( 6.17).. (subject) :,. ( 6.18). Mule,., --text follows this line- (6.29)., (To:) Cc:. ( 6.19, C-x C-s C-x C-c (6.30) Mule., ( 6.20)., q (6.31), [y/n/e(dit)/m(ime)]:? (6.32) ( 6.21). y (6.33),, mnews. n (6.34), mnews., e (6.35) , mail (mbox) MAIL Mule rmail (RMAIL) RMAIL 2. mbox RMAIL.,,,. mail MAIL, Mule rmail RMAIL.

87 6.9. mnews : mnews 6.17: mnews cc 6.18: mnews 6.19: mnews 6.20: mnews 6.21: mnews

88 70 6 MAIL, MAIL. mnews C-n [+] MAIL (6.36), Space., 6.22.,.,. I. I (6.37), ,.,, Space., q. 6.1.,,? (6.38). q.,.,,., mnews,. d (6.39), ( ),., mnews, mnews., mnews,,.,?, d, Delete., (6.40) [y/n]?. y, n., u (6.41)

89 6.10. mnews : mnews MAIL (1) 6.23: mnews 6.24: mnews RMAIL RMAIL MAIL,. RMAIL, mnews C-n [+] RMAIL (6.42), Space.. mnews mnews, mnews -m (6.43).,. mnews,, (6.9.2), mnews kterm jman mnews (6.44), mnews.,, mnews

90 72 6 mnews. q (6.45)..

91 73 7 (3),. 7.1: passwd chfn env echo ps fg bg kill egrep jman ( ) man ( ) df du tar mcopy Windows compress uncompress gzip gunzip uuencode uudecode script passwd:.,.,.,., passwd.,., passwd (7.1)

92 74 7 (3)., ( 7.1)., ( 7.2)., 2., NIS password has been changed on serv3.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp,. 7.1: passwd 7.2:,,,,.,,! #, 8..,. 7.,.,,.,,., ( )..,,, ( ).. sugene61 ( ) (7.2), Network Information System(NIS) UNIX 1. NIS yppasswd,

93 chfn: chfn,.,,, , csh., chfn. chfn, Mule, ( 7.3). (7.3) 7.3: chfn, Full Name,. Full Name: d99999 (7.4), Full Name: Yukichi FUKUZAWA (7.5)., C-x C-s C-x C-c (7.6) Mule., Changing NIS information for d99999 on serv3.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp Please enter password: (7.7)., chfn: NIS information changed on host serv3.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (7.8), chfn.

94 76 7 (3) / bin etc home sbin tmp usr var X11R6 bin include lib local sbin share bin inlude lib bin include lib share 7.4: 7.2 UNIX,. 7.4., /sbin/shutdown -p now (7.9)., /sbin shutdown PATH, kterm, /usr/x11r6/bin., /usr/x11r6/bin/kterm (7.10), kterm (7.11) kterm. shutdown kterm? PATH.,,..login.cshrc., PATH,., PATH env:, env.. kterm,

95 : env., , echo:, PATH, echo. kterm, echo $PATH (7.13). PATH $. 7.6., (:). PATH 7.6: PATH. (/bin, /usr/bin, local/bin/bin, /usr/x11r6/bin ),. PATH /sbin., echo PATH (7.14) ( $ )., 7.7..,

96 78 7 (3) 7.7: echo PATH PATH $ ,,..,., UNIX,., 1.,.,,,,., 1 CPU (, ). CPU 1, CPU 1, CPU,. CPU, CPU., CPU,,., CPU, ps: ps. ps process.,. kterm, ps (7.15)., ,.,

97 PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND 248 p5 R+ 0:00.22 ps 7.9: ps 7.8: ps ,., R ( ), T ( ), D ( ), S ( ), Z ( ), W ( ), N ( )..,, Z( )., UNIX,.,.,.. ps,.,, ps : ps a u x w 1 ps auxw (7.16)., ,. kterm, mule &., mule (7.17)

98 80 7 (3)., Mule (7.18)., Mule, kterm, mule (7.19)., Mule kterm., mule (7.20) C-c. C-c., C-z. C-z : C-c C-z (7.3.3), kterm Mule., kterm, C-c. Mule.,, kterm mule (7.21) (7.22) Mule, kterm C-z (7.23)., Mule., kterm Mule.

99 fg:, fg. foreground., fg (7.24). Mule, kterm fg (7.25). kterm C-c C-z Mule bg:, bg. background. fg, bg (7.26). kterm mule (7.27) Mule C-z, bg (7.28) (7.29)., Mule., kterm Mule , Mule ( Mule 1 ), Mule C-z., Mule, Mule. Mule, (7.30)

100 82 7 (3) kill:,., kill. kterm ps (7.31)., ps, Mule. ps 7.10, : ps, Mule.,, kill. kill, kill -KILL ( ) (7.32).., kill -KILL 2872 (7.33) Mule., egrep:,. egrep. egrep,. egrep (7.34),. ps egrep csh (7.35) ps csh?

101 ,.,..,.. UNIX,,.,.,,., ( ),..,, BackSpace, ( \ )., Shift.,., env jless. env jless (7.36)., env jless. jless 1,. (7.4.1), jless.,, jless q (7.37) ( < > ). < > ( )., > (7.38).,, < (7.39).., ps. kterm, ps aux > processes.doc (7.40), jless processes.doc (7.41). ps?, ps, processes.doc., jless processes.doc.

102 84 7 (3) jless < processes.doc (7.42). processes.doc jless. 7.5 jman: UNIX,.., jman. jman,. *jman (7.43),. kterm, jman jman., jman. jless., (7.44) q (7.45)., man. 7.6 jman,., /usr/share/doc., PostScript HTML., jless Mule. PostScript, 8.4 gv HTML, 11 WWW. 7.7, df du:., df. df, df. (7.46) kterm (7.7.1) /home/a /home/b 20GB, %.,., du., du. (7.47) kterm, (7.7.1).,

103 7.7., 85 1./lecture 199., (7.48). (kb).,, , 1 8., (k) 10 3, 2,,,, (k), (1024). (M) (G)., , , CDROM ,, du s. kterm, du -s (7.49). du. jman du (7.50), du tar:, tar. tar tape archiver : df

104 86 7 (3) 7.4: tar tar cvf tar 1 2 tar cvf tar tar xvf tar tar cvfz tar 1 2 tar cvfz tar tar xvfz tar tar , tar,.,, *.tar, *.tar.gz *.tgz ,, 3.,. tar., tar cvf lecture.tar./lecture (7.51), ls -laf lecture.tar. tar. jman tar,. (7.52) ,,., ( DAT ).,,.,,,.,,., Windows9X/Me/NT/2000,., tar, mtools. tar UNIX, mtools Windows9X/Me/NT/2000. tar tar, 7.7.2, /dev/fd0., /dev/fd0,

105 7.7., 87 tar : tar : tar cvf /dev/fd0 : tar xvf /dev/fd0 mtools Windows9X/Me/NT/2000 mtools. mtools,. mtools 7.6., mtools. 7.6: Windows9X/Me/NT/2000 mdir mdir mcopy mcopy a: mcopy a: mdel mdel a:, UNIX, compress, uncompress gzip, gunzip. compress *.Z, gzip *.gz : compress uncompress Z gzip gunzip gz, compress gzip., lecture.tar, 2. cp lecture.tar lecture2.tar (7.53),. compress lecture.tar (7.54) gzip lecture2.tar (7.55),

106 88 7 (3), lecture.tar.z lecture2.tar.gz., uncompress lecture.tar.z (7.57) gunzip lecture2.tar.gz (7.58), uuencode uudecode Mule.. tar compress gzip,.,..,.,,., uuencode., uudecode. uuencode,. jless env.tar (7.59)., "lecture.tar" may be a binary file. See it anyway? (7.60). y.. q (7.61) (7.62) jless., uuencode. uuencode lecture.tar lecture.tar > lecture.uu (7.63)., lecture.uu., jless, lecture.uu. uuencode, uuencode > (7.64).. uuencode uudecode ( ) uuencode, uudecode. uudecode lecture.uu (7.65). uudecode uuencode, uudecode (7.66)., uuencode

107 , kterm. script., script (7.67). script,. C-d. script., C-d., C-d exit., find, which, whereis, locate, sort.,.

108

109 91 8 X Window System,, X Window System.,,,.,,., : kinput2 xwd xwpick convert gv PostScript Acrobat Reader PDF Tgif 2 gnuplot 2 3 gimp kinput2: X Window System X Window System kinput2. kinput2, kterm, Shift Space (8.1) ( 8.1). kinput2 ( Space ),. kinput2, Shift Space (8.2) 1. kinput2, [ ].,,., kinput2, Mule. 8.2 xwd xwpick: X Window System, X Window System.

110 92 8 X Window System 8.1: kinput2 xwd, xwd -out name.xwd (8.3). name.xwd,. (8.2),,,, name.xwd. xwd 8.2., jman xwd. (8.4) xwd -out name.xwd xwd -frame -out name.xwd xwd -root -out name.xwd 8.2: xwd 1 ( ), 1 ( ), xwd xwpick., kterm xwpick. (8.2), 8.2, (8.5) File name: (8.6). 8.2, Possible file names:. 8.2,. Enter,,.,. xwpick,, xwd..

111 8.3. convert: convert:,,.,, x,,,,,. xwd, X Window System : PostScript ps eps PDF pdf Windows bmp GIF gif PNG png JPEG jpg MPEG mpg, convert. convert, convert (8.7).,. xwd test.xwd PostScript test.ps, convert test.xwd test.ps (8.8)., gimp,. 8.2: xwpick

112 94 8 X Window System 8.4 gv: PostScript PostScript,. PostScript, gv., gv PostScript (8.9) gv (8.10)., PostScript. ps eps., gv,,. 8.3, gv. 8.3: gv gv,,., gv. Quit, q, gv. Enter, f PageDown. >> ( 8.3) )., 2,.

113 8.4. gv: PostScript 95 Shift Enter, Ctrl Enter, b PageUp. << ( 8.3) )., 2,. ( ),.,,, ( ). gv,.,.,. 1. Print marked pages..., p,.,., 8.4. Print Command:. Print, Cancel. 8.4: gv Save marked pages..., s,.,., , Save Current Page (, Save Marked Pages ),.,,.,,...,,., Save document..., Shift s, Ctrl s., 8.5., Save Document,.

114 96 8 X Window System 8.5: gv, Open..., o., : gv ( 1.00 ), 8.7.,,.,,.., gv ghostview., gs PostScript.,. 8.5 : xwd, convert gv

115 8.6. acroread4: PDF : gv kterm, PostScript,.. xwd -frame -out kterm.xwd kterm, (8.11) convert kterm.xwd kterm.ps gv kterm.ps kterm,? 8.6 acroread4: PDF, PostScript, PDF. PDF gv,,,,. gv PDF, 8.8. Dismiss,,. 8.8: gv

116 98 8 X Window System PDF, Adobe Systems Acrobat Reader., acroread4. Acrobat Reader, acroread4 PDF (8.12) gv (8.13)., PDF PDF ( pdf)., Acrobat Reader,,., Acrobat Reader PDF.. /usr/local/acrobat4/reader/help/reader.pdf (8.14) 8.9, acroread4 /usr/local/acrobat4/reader/help/reader.pdf (8.15) Acrobat Reader. 8.9: Acrobat Reader Acrobat Reader,

117 8.6. acroread4: PDF 99., 3,. 8.9., :, Acrobat Reader.,, File Exit, File, 8.11 Exit,.,. 8.11: Acrobat Reader File Acrobat Reader, File Exit, C-q., File Open, C-o, ( 8.10 ).,

118 100 8 X Window System 8.12: Acrobat Reader. 2,., 1, 2 (Selection ).,., Open ( )., Cancel.,,, Document Next Page, Ctrl PageDown.,,, Document Previous Page, Ctrl PageUp.,,, Document First Page, Ctrl Shift PageDown.,,, Document First Page, Ctrl Shift PageUp., ( 8.9), 8.13., ( fig:acroread4-icons ), ,., -,., 8.13,., File Print, C-p, ( 8.10 )., 8.12.

119 8.6. acroread4: PDF : Acrobat Reader 8.14: Acrobat Reader 8.15: Acrobat Reader 8.15 Print To:,..,., 2 File, PostScript., File Name: Print Range,., 1 All,

120 102 8 X Window System, 2 From:, From:, To:., Odd,. 1,. Even., 8.15 OK.., 8.15 Cacnel. 8.7 Tgif: Tgif, William Chia-Wei Cheng, X Window System 2.,. Tgif 4.1. Tgif, ( ). Tgif,,,. UNIX Gnuplot Tgif., PostScript PDF Tgif. Tgif, L A TEX., Tgif..,., Tgif 3, 2. 2, Tgif Tgif., X Window System, kterm tgif (8.16)., 8.16 tgif , Tgif., 8.16, 8.17.,. Cntrl+q. Cntrl+q,,,., Cntrl+q Ctrl q.,, Mule, C-q (8.17)

121 8.7. Tgif: 103.., Tgif.,, Tgif 8.16: Tgif 8.17: Tgif

122 104 8 X Window System C-q (8.18) , Tgif , 8.18 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8.18:. 8.18,. Tgif / / ,.. 7 /.,.,..,..,., 1,.,,,.,,., 8.19.

123 8.7. Tgif: ,.?, / /., / /. / /,., 8.20,..,.,.,., , 8.22,., 8.19: 8.20:

124 106 8 X Window System.,. plain., ( ).,, Tgif.,, : Tgif 8.22:

125 8.7. Tgif: 107,., / /,,,.,.,.,., , 8.23:,., 8.23., 8.24,. 8.24:

126 108 8 X Window System 8.7.4,.,,.,... ESC.,, ( 8.26 ).,., / /,, ( 8.25).., : 8.26:

127 8.7. Tgif: ( ). Tgif Courier,,.,. Tgif , Tgif(4.1.38) Tgif, 8.4: Tgif Ryumin Ryumin-V GothicBBB GothicBBB-V, ( ),.., (Ryumin) 8.27:. Ryumin..,. ( T ).,,., 8.28,., 8.28: C-\ (8.19) ( Ctrl \ ; \

128 110 8 X Window System.,, (kishanokishagakishadekishashita), Space, : 8.30: 8.31:.?, Tgif,,.,,., 2.,,,, ( ), ( ) ,. 8.5: ( ) ( ) C-f C-b C-o C-i

129 8.7. Tgif: 111, Space. Space., 8.32,.., 8.32: 8.6: Enter C-f C-b C-p C-n. Enter.,, ( 8.33)., 8.33:,.,.,.

130 112 8 X Window System 8.7.6, ( C-s )., , 8.34:. Tgif obj, Tgif.,. test. test ( ) Enter Tgif, Tgif,., PostScript ( ps)., PostScript,, PostScript. PostScript encapsulated PostScript ( eps). Tgif, encapsulated PostScript.,.,, (PostScript ),., ( C-p )., test.eps... EPS file printed into test.eps ( )., lpr., test.eps,. lpr test.eps (8.20) PostScript a2ps., Tgif, Tgif. Tgif?, C-q. test.obj test.eps.

131 8.8. gnuplot: Tgif, Tgif, ( C-o )., 8.35., 8.35:,.., test.obj.?, tgif gnuplot: 2 3 gnuplot 2 3. gnuplot, 2, 3,,., gnuplot,, Tgif TEX, TEX., gnuplot gnuplot gnuplot, kterm gnuplot (8.21)., 8.36 gnuplot, gnuplot gnuplot gnuplot, gnuplot quit (8.22).

132 114 8 X Window System 8.36: gnuplot gnuplot. Enter,., 8.7., Mule., C-f Ctrl f. 8.7: gnuplot 1 2 Ctrl + f 1 Ctrl + b 1 Ctrl + p 1 Ctrl + n 1 Ctrl + e Ctrl + a Ctrl + d Delete Ctrl + h BackSpace Ctrl + k Ctrl + l Ctrl + u Ctrl + w plot., gnuplot plot sin(x) (8.23), ,, x y., plot [x :x ] [y :y ] (8.24)., [0, 2π],

133 8.8. gnuplot: :., pi π gnuplot., x, x., plot, plot eps L A TEX eps (encapsulated PostScript), set terminal PostScript. set terminal postscript eps (8.26), Options are eps noenhanced monochrome dashed defaultplex "Helvetica-Ryumin" 14., set output., test.eps. set output test.eps (8.27) replot (8.28), test.eps. gnuplot gnuplot gnuplot,.. plot sin(x) pause -1 test.gnuplot. kterm

134 116 8 X Window System 8.38: gnuplot,., gnuplot, gnuplot. pause -1 (8.30), Enter gnuplot gnuplot, gnuplot load,. load,., test.gnuplot., load test.gnuplot (8.31) save, plot. save,., test2.gnuplot. save test2.gnuplot (8.32) save, gnuplot, ,.,., plot (8.33)

135 gnuplot: ,., sample1.dat. (, Mule, sample.dat, 8.39 ) : sample.dat, plot sample.dat (8.34)., sample.dat : sample.dat (1),., plot sample.dat with lines (8.35)., sample.dat : sample.dat (2),, gnuplot.

136 118 8 X Window System 1 x y x 1 1, gnuplot x 0,,, 2. gnuplot. 8.9 gimp gimp,.,,.,. gimp,,,,.,, gimp,. gimp,. gimp, kterm gimp (8.36)., gimp, gimp, C-q (8.37).

137 119 9 / 9.1 MuPAD MuPAD MuPAD, Paderborn, SciFace Software,, /., Windows, LINUX, Solaris UNIX OS., OS. MuPAD FreeBSD-2.2.8,. SciFace Software MuPAD MuPAD, mupad (9.1)., 9.1, kterm MuPAD. 9.1: MuPAD MuPAD, quit; (9.2).

138 120 9 / MuPAD.?., MuPAD?int ( ), 9.2. (9.3) 9.2: MuPAD, jless ( less)., q (9.4) MuPAD MuPAD., ( ) 1,., MuPAD. MuPAD ;. MuPAD, ( ),. Enter,, ( )., 1+1; (9.5) 1+1,

139 9.1. MuPAD ; (9.6)., :. ; :, ; ( ) :,., ; :. MuPAD, ( ). 9.1., 9.1: MuPAD C-p 1 C-n 1 C-f 1 C-b 1 C-a C-e C-d Delete C-h 1 BackSpace, C-p C-n Enter. MuPAD., %. MuPAD %; (9.7), %2; (9.8) 2. 3,., 1+1; (9.9), >> 1+1; 2 (9.10)

140 122 9 / %; (9.11), >> %; 2 (9.12).,., :=, ( ) =., i:=100; (9.13) i 100, i=100; (9.14) k 100,, , MuPAD, : MuPAD, 2! = = PI + <> E - < < Infinity * <= I / > > EULER div >= complexinfinity mod undefined ^., 4. 4!; (9.15),. >> 4!; 24 (9.16)

141 9.1. MuPAD div 3; (9.17), >> 5 div 3; 1 (9.18)., 5 3, mod. 5 mod 3; (9.19), >> 5 mod 3; 2 (9.20).,, ^10; (9.21), >> 2^10; 1024 (9.22).,,., (9.23), (9.24), MuPAD 10^(-1/4); (9.25).. >> 10^(-1/4); 3/ (9.26) MuPAD 9.3., ,

142 124 9 / 9.3: float float(5/3); round round(1.2); frac 1 frac(23/4); sqrt sqrt(2); sign sign(-10); fact fact(4); abs abs(1+i); Re Re(3+4*I); Im Im(3+4*I); conjugate conjugate(3+4*i); ln ln(e); exp exp(1); sin sin(pi); cos cos(pi/2); tan tan(pi/4); asin asin(sqrt(2)/2); acos acos(1/2); atan atan(1);, MuPAD., MuPAD sum., n (9.27). (9.1.6), n i i=1 (9.28). MuPAD (9.1.6), sum(i,i=1..n); (9.29). (9.1.6) MuPAD,. >> sum(i,i=1..n); 2 n n (9.30)

143 product(i,i=1..n); (9.39) 9.1. MuPAD 125, n =., n(n + 1) 2 (9.31) n 2 (9.32). MuPAD, ^., x 2, x^2., MuPAD (9.1.6), sum(i^2,i=1..n); (9.33). (9.1.6),. >> sum(i^2,i=1..n); 2 3 n n n (9.34),. MuPAD., i=0 1 i! (9.35). (9.1.6),, e. (9.1.6) MuPAD, sum(1/i!,i=0..infinity); (9.36).,! MuPAD. (9.1.6), >> sum(1/i!,i=0..infinity); exp(1) (9.37). exp(1)( e 1 ) e, MuPAD., sum product. sum., n i i=1 (9.38). (9.1.6),, n n!. (9.1.6) MuPAD

144 126 9 /., >> product(i,i=1..n); gamma(n + 1) (9.40)., gamma()., Γ(x).,, Γ(n + 1) = n!., MuPAD. MuPAD,., limit.,, lim n ( n) n = e (9.41), MuPAD. (9.1.6) MuPAD, limit((1+1/n)^n,n=infinity); (9.42).,. >> limit((1+1/n)^n,n=infinity); exp(1) (9.43) exp(1) e, (9.1.6)., sin x lim x 0 x., 1. MuPAD (9.1.6), (9.44) limit(sin(x)/x,x=0); (9.45).. >> limit(sin(x)/x,x=0); 1 (9.46), MuPAD diff., d dx sin x MuPAD, (9.47) diff(sin(x),x); (9.48).

145 9.1. MuPAD 127 >> diff(sin(x),x);.., d (sin x)2 dx MuPAD, cos(x) (9.50) (9.49) diff(sin(x)^2,x); (9.51). >> diff(sin(x)^2,x); 2 cos(x) sin(x) (9.52)., diff 1, 2., x 2 sin y x, diff(x^2*sin(y),x); (9.53). (9.1.6), >> diff(x^2*sin(y),x); 2 x sin(y) (9.54)., x 2 sin y y, diff(x^2*sin(y),y); (9.55). (9.1.6), >> diff(x^2*sin(y),y); x 2 cos(y) (9.56). 3,., MuPAD int. int,.,

146 128 9 /.,, x,y., 1 x dx., log x( ). (9.1.6) MuPAD, (9.58) int(1/x,x); (9.59). (9.1.6), >> int(1/x,x); ln(x) (9.60). ln(x) MuPAD,.,, int(, =.. ) (9.61).,, x,y.,,.,,., MuPAD x2 dx (9.62). (9.1.6) MuPAD, int(sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1); (9.63). (9.1.6) >> int((1-x^2)^(1/2),x=-1..1); PI -- 2 (9.64). PI MuPAD π,., MuPAD,.,., MuPAD float.,, float(int(sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1)); (9.65) (9.1.6), >> float(int(sqrt(1-x^2),x=-1..1)); (9.66)

147 9.1. MuPAD 129, π/2.., b a x 2 dx. b 3 /3 a 3 /3. (9.1.6) MuPAD (9.67) int(x^2,x=a..b); (9.68), >> int(x^2,x=a..b); 3 3 a b (9.69),.,, MuPAD , 1 2, MuPAD. f(t), f(t)e iωt dt F (ω) = (9.70) f(t)e iωt dt (9.71) F (ω), f(t)., F (ω), 1 2π F (ω)e iωt dω (9.72), F (ω) 2 III.,., f(t), 0 f(t)e st dt (9.73)

148 130 9 / F (s) = 0 f(t)e st dt (9.74)., ω, s.,.., σ+it lim T σ it F (s)e st dt (9.75)., σ s.,., 1 II., 1, MuPAD.,, transform::fourier.,., exp[ t 2 ] exp[ t 2 ] exp[ wt]dt. g, MuPAD, g:=(transform::fourier(exp(-t^2),t,w)); (9.76). MuPAD. >> g:=(transform::fourier(exp(-t^2),t,w)); / 2 \ 1/2 w PI exp - -- \ 4 / (9.77), transform::ifourier.,,. MuPAD, transform::ifourier(g,w,t); (9.78). MuPAD. >> transform::ifourier(g,w,t); 2 exp(- t ) (9.79) exp[ t 2 ].

149 9.2. Scilab 131, transform::laplace sin(t). h. h:=(transform::laplace(sin(t),t,s)); (9.80), MuPAD >> h:=(transform::laplace(sin(t),t,s)); s + 1 (9.81)., sin(t)., transform::ilaplace.,. transform::ilaplace(h,s,t) (9.82) MuPAD. >> transform::ilaplace(h,s,t); sin(t) (9.83),. 9.2 Scilab,, MATLAB., MATLAB,., MATLAB., Scilab, Octave, MaTX. 3, Scilab Scilab Scilab, INRIA(Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique), MATLAB. Scilab,,,,,,. Scilab.,

150 132 9 /,,,,. Scilab,., Scilab ( ), Scilab. Scilab, I( ) Scilab, Scilab-2.6.,, ( harada/lab/scilab-intro.pdf) Scilab Scilab Scilab, kterm scilab (9.84)., Enter., Scilab, : Scilab --> Scilab., Scilab.,.. Scilab Scilab, Scilab quit. (9.85)

151 9.2. Scilab Scilab.,., 9.3 Demos ( )., 9.4., Scilab ( )., Scilab 9.4: ( )., -->exec( SCI/demos/alldems.dem ); (9.86)., Scilab alldems.dem,., Introduction to SCILAB., Introduction to SCILAB., 9.4.? Scilab., Scilab : Introduction to SCILAB

152 134 9 / pause mode: enter empty lines to continue. (9.87)?,, Introduction to SCILAB., Enter., enter empty lines to continue. ( ).,., Enter.,, -->// SCILAB OBJECTS (9.88)., Scilab ( ),. Enter,., 9.6., Scilab 9.6: Introduction to SCILAB., a 1 a=1 (9.89).,., C-c ( Ctrl c )., -1-> (9.90) (9.91).,.,,., abort., (--> ),. (9.92),. 9.3 Demos

153 9.2. Scilab : Graphics: Introduction 9.8: Introduction., , plot2d., 9.9., Scilab. Ok, : 9.10: plot2d., 9.7 Cancel.. 9.4, Scilab., Car parking, Bike Simulation (1) Scilab Scilab, 9.3 Help., 9.11.,

154 136 9 /., : Scilab,.,.,.,. ( Appropos ), Enter. 2 Done., cos( ). cos Enter ( 9.12)., cos 9.12: ( 9.13). cos,. cos( ) 5., : cos cos - cosine function (9.93)., 9.14 cos( )

155 9.2. Scilab : cos 9.4: Scilab q C-n C-p 1 1., , 9.14 Close window., 9.14.,,. ( ),,.,,. 9.14,., (, xless less X Window System ).,.,., 3 Elementary Functions., Elementary Function ( ) ( 9.15). 9.15: Elementary Functions

156 138 9 / Scilab Scilab, 1..,,,., Mule, kterm & Scilab..,, Scilab. 9.5., C-f Ctrl f. Mule, 9.5: Scilab 1 C-f 1 C-b 1 C-p 1 C-n C-h C-d C-k., C-f, C-h BackSpace Scilab Scilab. Scilab,,. Scilab, Scilab Enter.,,, Scilab,., Scilab Scilab. Scilab, , 2 10, 2^10., -->2^10 (9.94) ans = (9.95)

157 9.2. Scilab : Scilab +,, -,, *,, /, ^, **, (^ ) Scilab %pi, %i %e (= )., %pi, (9.96) %pi = (9.97). Scilab : Scilab %pi %i %e %inf %t, %T %f, %F ( ) ( ) MuPAD, Scilab.,, MuPAD.. Scilab, =, ( ) ==. Scilab, x=10 (9.98),, ( ).,,,,,.,. Scilab,,., Scilab, ans.

158 140 9 / x, x. (9.99),, ==. (%t; T ) (%f; F ).,. Scilab x=1 x==2 (9.100)., x 1, 2 x 2.,. -->x=1 x = 1. -->x==2 (9.101) ans = F 2 (x==2) ans, ans F( )., (%t$, \verb (T, F)., x x=t,., x=%t. Scilab,,.,,. Scilab, //.,.,. 1,...,.

159 9.2. Scilab 141,, Scilab,.., Scilab for while, if , Scilab.,, Scilab (1000 )., 2 2 A. A=[1,2;3,4] (9.102)., -->A=[1, 2; 3, 4] A =! 1. 2.!! 3. 4.!., [ ] (9.103), A, A, Scilab., A, A.., Scilab. Scilab, [ ] (9.104), 1, 1, ;,., A=[ ], A. (9.105), 2, 1.

160 142 9 / x=[1,2,3,4]., --> x=[1,2,3,4] x = (9.106) (9.107)! !., ( ), x=[1;2;3;4] (9.108)., -->x=[1;2;3;4] x =! 1.!! 2.!! 3.!! 4.! (9.109). Scilab., 1 n, n 1., + - *.,. [ ] [ ] 1 10 x =, y = ,. x=[1;2]; y=[10;20]; x+y (9.110)., 1 2 ; x y. -->x=[1;2]; -->y=[10;20]; -->x+y ans = (9.111)! 11.!! 22.!

161 9.2. Scilab 143.?,. [ ] [ ] A =, B = ,., A=[1,2;3,4]; B=[10,0;0,10]; A+B. (9.112) -->A=[1,2;3,4]; -->B=[10,0;0,10]; -->A+B ans = (9.113)! !! !.?, [ ] C =, D = , C D., C=[1,2,3;4,5,6]; D=[1,100;2,200;3,300]; (9.114) C*D., -->C=[1,2,3;4,5,6]; -->D=[1,100;2,200;3,300]; -->C*D ans = (9.115)! !! !.,,,,?

162 144 9 / v = [ ] [ ] 1 1, w = 2 2 (9.116) 2, v w.,. Scilab v=[1,2]; w=[3,4]; v*w, -->v=[1,2]; (9.117) -->w=[3,4]; -->v*w!--error 10 inconsistent multiplication (9.118).,., (9.2.7) v,w?, w., Scilab.. (9.2.7), Scilab v*w.,, -->v*w ans = 11..,. [ ] [ ] A = 1 2 1, x = (9.119) (9.120), A x. A=[1,2;3,4]; x=[1;1]; A*x., -->A=[1,2;3,4]; (9.121) -->x=[1;1]; -->A*x ans = (9.122)! 3.!! 7.!

163 9.2. Scilab 145 : size, size. size 2., 2 3 A=[11,12,13;14,15,16];, size(a), -->A=[11,12,13;14,15,16]; -->size(a) ans = (9.123)! 2. 3.!. [23], 1 A, 2 A. size, n 1, 1 n., x=[11,12,13,14]; size(x) (x 1 4, ), -->x=[11,12,13,14]; (9.124) -->size(x) ans = (9.125)! 1. 4.!, y=[23;24;25]; size(y) (9.126) (x 3 1, ), -->y=[23;24;25]; -->size(y) ans = (9.127)! 3. 1.!.,

164 146 9 /, ( ).,, x(2) (9.129), ( ) ( ).. ( : ),. :, : (9.130) : : (9.131) : (9.132).,,,., :,.., A = ,. A=[11,12,13,14,15; 21,22,23,24,25; 31,32,33,34,35]; A(2,3) (9.133) (9.134), A 2 3, -->A(2,3) ans = (9.135) 23.., A 3, 2 4. A(3,2:4)., -->A(3,2:4) ans = (9.136) (9.137)! !., A 2 3.,,, :. A(2:3,:) (9.138)

165 9.2. Scilab 147., -->A(2:3,:) ans =! !! ! (9.139).., :., 1:4, (9.140) -->1:4 ans = (9.141)! !. :,.,,., %t %f,. : norm norm., ( ).,. x = [x 1,..., x n ],, x = x x x2 n., scilab, norm.. x=[1,1,1]; norm(x). (9.142) --> norm(x) ans = (9.143), = 3. : det det.. A=[1,2;3,4]; det(a) (9.144)

166 148 9 /. --> A=[1,2;3,4]; -->det(a) ans = (9.145) - 2. : inv inv.. A=[1,2;3,4]; inv(a). (9.146) --> A=[1,2;3,4]; --> inv(a) ans = (9.147)! !! ! : diag diag., x=[1,2,3,4]; X=diag(x), (9.148) --> x=[1,2,3,4]; -->X=diag(x) X =! !! !! !! ! (9.149). : spec spec.. A=[1,2;3,4]; spec(a). (9.150)

167 9.2. Scilab > spec(a) ans =! !! ! (9.151) Ax = b, x=a\b;., A=[2 0;0 4]; b=[1;1]; A\b (9.152) (9.153) ans = (9.154). [ ] [ ] [ ] =

168

169 151 10,. 10.1,, IP, en01.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.,., ( ed01 ), ( 10.1). en01.eee.u-rykyu.ac.jp 10.1:,.,, eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.,, ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp., ( en01 ), en01.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp. en01.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp. IP., IP 8 4 (32 )., 0 1,, IP 8, 8 10 (0 255 ), ( 10.2)., WWW IP (10.1), DNS IP (10.2). IP.. IP,. IP, 32.,,

170 IP *0+64*0+32*0+16*0+8*0*4*1+2*1+1*0=6 128*0+64*0+32*0+16*0+8*0*4*1+2*1+1*1=7 128*0+64*0+32*0+16*0+8*1*4*1+2*0+1*1=13 128*1+64*0+32*0+16*0+8*0*4*1+2*0+1*1= : IP IP,., IP 128 (IPv6),.,,, IP,,,,., IP IP,.,., en IP. IP, /etc hosts. jless /etc/hosts (10.3), IP., NIS DNS., IP DHCP. DHCP IP.. 8 A, 16

171 C., IP B. IP, IP.,, IP.,,, IP, CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing) IP., A, B C IP,..,, , 16, , (10.4), ( 10.3)., :, IP ,. 32, IP 2. B , C (10.5). 10, (10.6). IP, 1.,,.

172 MAC,. MAC. 48, 8 16 (:). PROM,.,. 00:40:05:a7:62:82 (10.7) 10.5 ifconfig:,.., MAC, IP,.,?, ifconfig. ifconfig,.,. kterm,. /sbin/ifconfig -a (10.8) en01, 10.4 ( ). 10.4, xl0, 10.4: ifconfig. inet IP, netmask, broadcast, ether. 10.4, ed1 IP : : ffffff00 :

173 10.6. ping ifconfig, 4, 4 16., 2 lo0, ping ping.. /sbin/ping (10.9) ping,,. ping C-c.,. /sbin/ping en** ( ) (10.10) C-c 10.5 ping. 10.5: ping 10.7 nslookup IP, IP, IP,. nslookup. nslookup, nslookup nslookup IP

174 nslookup, DNS,,., nslookup.. /usr/sbin/nslookup (10.11), : nslookup, IP, nslookup (10.12) r,, r (r ), rlogin rlogin rlogin, UNIX., ( 2 ).,,.,. rlogin, rlogin (10.13) rlogin -l (10.14)., ( en01.eee.u-ryukyu.ac.jp), (en01).,.

175 10.9. telnet 157, login. rlogin,,.,.,,.,.rhosts..rhosts,.,.,,.rhosts telnet (UNIX ) telnet.,. telnet, telnet.,. telnet,, ( ), telnet 3,,..,, telnet, ssh. telnet,,,,, telnet., telnet en** (10.15)., **., login: (10.16)., Password:.,., 10.7., , rlogin,,

176 : telnet,,.,, ssh ( ).,, rlogin telnet. UNIX, ssh, ssh ftp ftp,., ftp (10.17). ftp, , anonymous ftp. Web, WWW ftp. ftp,.

177 WWW Web WWW. WWW, Internet Explorer Netscape. Netscape.,, Web,., WWW,.,., WWW,,., Internet Explorer Netscape,,. Internet Explorer. Web, WWW. WWW Web WWW. Web, Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator WWW. WWW Web, Uniform Resource Locator(URL). URL, :// / (11.1).,,. http., WWW, Web., URL

178 WWW (11.2), Web URL (11.3)., WWW WWW. WWW Netscape, WWW w3m Netscape Netscape Netscape, netscape (11.4).,, , : Netscape (1) 11.2: Netscape (2) 11.3: Netscape, Netscape , 11.4.,,, 11.5., netscape (11.5)

179 11.1. Netscape 161 URL ( ) ( ) 11.5: Netscape (2) 11.4: Netscape (1), URL Netscape., URL Web. Web. Netscape 3 ( 11.4 ) 1.,, (11.6) Enter., 11.6, Web., Web. Netscape 3 1, (11.7) (11.8) Enter., 11.7, Web Netscape Netscape,,, 4., Netscape,., 11.8,, 1. Netscape Netscape,,

180 WWW 11.6: Web 11.7: Web Web 11.8: Netscape Web Web,, 2., 11.9, Web. 11.9: Netscape Web Web URL 11.9,, Web., 11.9., , , (.. 1 ).,,.,.

181 11.1. Netscape : Netscape OK,.., Netscape 3 : URL Enter, Web.,, URL. URL, URL. URL URL 11.11: URL,, Navigator.

182 WWW,,,.. Web, ( ),.,,,. Web, Web Web, Netscape 2., 1 1.,, 3 (Netscape, )., : Netscape, Web PostScript., : PostScript., 2 :.., PostScript, 3 :... PostScript,, PostScript,., lpr (11.9).

183 11.2. w3m 165 Netscape 3,, ( 11.13) : Netscape 11.13, URL., URL, URL, Web., 3., ,,,, ( : 11.14: Netscape 11.2 w3m, Web Web

184 WWW, jman w3m. (11.10), w3m Web., kterm w3m (11.11)., 11.16, kterm Web : Web (w3m ),, Web. w3m URL, U (11.12)., Goto URL: (11.13), URL., (11.14)., , Web., w3m, 1. F., 11.18,.,. w3m, q (11.15)., Do you want to exit w3m (y or n)? (11.16), y (11.17)

185 11.2. w3m : Web (w3m 11.18: Web (w3m (1)) (2))

186

187 169 12,, Perl 12.1, UNIX,,,.,,,. UNIX,, sh csh 2. sh B (/bin/sh).,,., B bash, Linux. csh C (/bin/csh)., B, C.,, B,. csh tcsh, FreeBSD, /bin/csh., ( ), /bin/csh. bash, chfn. chfn.,, csh bash,., ( ), B. B, #!/bin/sh (12.1). 12.2,,..,,.,.,., #!/bin/sh , Mule, foo.sh.

188 170 12,, Perl #!/bin/sh echo "This is a sample of shell script" sleep 2 ls -laf ~ sleep 2 cat ~/.login sleep 2 echo "Done" 12.1: #! /bin/csh -f (12.2),., kterm sh foo.sh, (12.3) chmod +x foo.sh (12.4)./foo.sh. 12.1, sleep,. sleep,.,., #,..,,,.,, ,,,,., X Window System,,. UNIX,,.,,., Mule..,.,,.

189 ,. ( )., login.cshrc.Xdefaults.xinitrc.fvwm2rc.netscape 12.1: 1,. kterm,. X Window System. X Window System. X Window System fvwm2. Netscape,., ls a., ls -a,. (12.5),,.,.login.cshrc..login.cshrc,.,.login.,., X Window System,.xinitrc ,,.,,.,, ( ).,.,,., /home/a/proto/ (12.6).,. cp /home/a/proto/.??* ~ (12.7),., cp /home/a/proto/.cshrc ~ (12.8),.cshrc.

190 172 12,, Perl.cshrc, kterm ( ).,.cshrc..cshrc,. # csh, tcsh. #.login, #. echo source.cshrc setenv LANG ja_jp.euc set history=100 set savehist=100 # set prompt="%m $ " alias ll ls -l alias la ls -a alias n mule -nw 12.2:.cshrc, 9 set prompt="%m $ " (12.9). prompt= 2,.,.,,. cd ~ cp.cshrc.cshrc.orig., Mule.cshrc,.cshrc 9 (12.10) set prompt="test >" (12.11)..cshrc, kterm., source. source,., source (12.12) source ~/.cshrc (12.13)., TEXT >.,.chsrc set prompt="%m $ "

191 : %~ %h %m %n %t, % 1, ,, $..cshrc 11 alias ll ls -l (12.14), alias.,. alias, alias (12.15).,.,,., ll (12.16) ls -laf (12.17).,, t trr. Mule.cshrc, alias t mule -e trr source ~/.cshrc (12.18)., t (12.19), trr., cp.cshrc.orig.cshrc (12.20),.

192 174 12,, Perl.fvwm2rc,, X Window System, fvwm2. fvwm2,.fvwm2rc. fvwm2.fvwm2rc,., cd ~ cp.fvwm2rc.fvwm2rc.orig (12.21),.fvwm2rc..fvwm2rc,.fvwm2rc "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x #+ "I" exec xpmroot /usr/x11r6/include/x11/pixmaps/world.xpm #+ "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap /usr/x11r6/include/x11/bitmaps/mensetmanus. DarkSlateBlue.,, #., fvwm2., xcolors (12.22).,, 12.3, :,.

193 xcolors., Fvwm, 3 ( 12.4) ( ) fvwm2,. 12.4: fvwm2..fvwm2rc ( )., 2 8.,, fvwm2. AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue = + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x #+ "I" exec xpmroot /usr/x11r6/include/x11/pixmaps/world.xpm #+ "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap /usr/x11r6/include/x11/bitmaps/mensetmanus AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue = #+ "I" exec xpmroot /usr/x11r6/include/x11/pixmaps/world.xpm #+ "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap /usr/x11r6/include/x11/bitmaps/mensetmanus. X Window System ( ), X Window System pixmap. xbm., xpm.,., /home/b/teacher/hanba/sample/ moheg.xbm.. cp ~hanba/sample/moheg.xbm. (12.24),.fvwm2rc ,., fvwm2. AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue = # + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x #+ "I" exec xpmroot /usr/x11r6/include/x11/pixmaps/world.xpm + "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap ~/moheg.xbm = #, AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue = # #+ "I" exec xpmroot /usr/x11r6/include/x11/pixmaps/world.xpm + "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap ~/moheg.xbm = #,

194 176 12,, Perl,., /home/b/teacher/hanba/sample/ mandel.xpm.. cp ~hanba/sample/mandel.xpm. (12.25), fvwm2. AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue #+ "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x "I" exec xpmroot ~/mandel.xpm = #, #+ "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap ~/moheg.bmp = # AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons #+ "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue + "I" exec xpmroot ~/mandel.xpm = #, #+ "I" exec xsetroot -bitmap ~/moheg.bmp = # Windows (*.bmp) JPEG (*.jpg),, convert xpm. convert 8.3.,., X Window System. xfishtank,. xearth,. xsnow,,. C-c. (12.26) (12.27) (12.28) X Window System.fvwm2rc 12.5.,.fvwm2rc xsnow, Perl,,,.,, grep, sed, awk ( ),., grep, sed, awk., Perl. Perl,, grep, sed, awk,

195 12.4. Perl 177 AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xfishtank + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons (a) xfishtank AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xearth + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons (b) xearth AddToFunc InitFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue + "I" exec xsnow + "I" exec kterm -geometry 80x AddToFunc RestartFunction "I" Module FvwmButtons + "I" exec xsetroot -solid DarkSlateBlue (c)xsnow 12.5:.fvwm2rc xfishtank, CGI. Perl, 1.,,,,.,,.,,., Perl, Perl,.,. 1: Perl Mule, Perl., welcome.pl , print, ( ) Perl ( ). Perl, print " \n";

196 178 12,, Perl #!/usr/bin/perl print "Welcome!\n"; 12.6: welcome.pl, 2 ( )., \n.. 2: welcome.pl.. chmod +x welcome.pl (12.29) 3:,../welcome.pl (12.30). Welcome!, ( 12.7). 12.7: welcome.pl Perl,, Perl. Perl, #!/usr/bin/perl (12.31)

197 12.4. Perl 179. Perl. 2,., ( ),, ( ),. Perl,, ( ), 1. 2, {} (;)., {}. {},. if, while for,. 2 #.,. Perl,,. :,,. Perl,, 3.,.., 0 ( )., 2.. ( ) 0,, ,, Blue Green Red White Cyan 12.8:,.

198 180 12,, Perl, Perl,., 1 $ 1 %.,, ( _ )., % ,,., 3., %a 3, Perl.,, Perl.,,,., $a=10; (12.32).,, $a="hello"; (12.33), 2 (12.34), ( (12.35), 2.,., $b[1]; (12.36), [ $ (12.37).,,., 1 ( 2, Two ) Zwei, $b[1]="zwei"; (12.38)., %c=(" "," "," ", " "," "," "); (12.39)

199 12.4. Perl 181., ( ), (12.4.2).,, $ {" "}= ; (12.40)., % $., { } ( 2 ),. 2, 2., (12.4.2), $c{" "}=" "; (12.41).., (12.4.2) 2, print $c{" "}; (12.42). % $. Perl,.,.,, undef. undef, 0., 4, (, )., ( ). ( )., (1-2)-3; (12.43) -4, 1-(2-3); (12.44) : Perl (a) (b) (c) + - * / % ** ( ) ( ) < lt < <= le > gt > >= ge == eq!= ne. & AND OR ^ XOR && AND OR

200 182 12,, Perl , (, ) 3. Perl, 3,.,,,., if, while for foreach if if. if, if( ){ 1;... n; }. {, } if (, +)+.,, if else., if( ){... }else{... }. else, else if elsif.,,, j 1. if.pl. #!/usr/bin/perl chomp($c=<>); if ($c eq "j"){ } print "The key j is pressed. \n"; 12.9: if.pl, chmod +x if.pl (12.45)./if.pl,.

201 12.4. Perl while while,. while,. while( ){ ; }, while, cat while.pl., #!/usr/bin/perl while(<>){ print; } 12.10: while.pl./while.pl (12.46), cat for for,. for, for( ; ; ){ 1;... n; }.,, {}. for, 0 9. for.pl ( 12.11). #!/usr/bin/perl for($i=0;$i<10;$i++){ } print "$i\n"; 12.11: for.pl, kterm./for.pl (12.47).

202 , ,, Perl foreach for, foreach., ( ) 1,. foreach, foreach $i ( ){ 1;... n; }., $i,.,, $i. foreach, ("one","two","three") 3 1. foreach.pl ( 12.12). foreach $i (@data){ } print "$i\n"; 12.12: foreach.pl, kterm./foreach.pl (12.48) ,.,., while., 1., 1., 1., 2,.,.,

203 12.4. Perl 185,.,.,?,.,., Perl. word-count.pl., Mule word-count.pl 12.13, chmod +x word-count.pl (12.49)./word-count.pl /home/a/trr/text/the_constitution_of_japan jless,. #!/usr/bin/perl while(<>){ } foreach $i (@words){ } $i=~s/\w//g; $i=~tr/a-z/a-z/; $count{$i}++; foreach $i (sort by_number keys %count){ } printf("%-40s %4d\n",$i,$count{$i}); sub by_number{ $count{$b}<=>$count{$a} $a cmp $b; } 12.13: word-count.pl 1, C. C., ,. 1, while,

204 186 12,, Perl while(<>){ }., $_., $_, Perl,,, $_ ( )., $_,., chomp;.,, split split, split(/ /, ) (12.50)., ( ),., \s,,., \s+, 1 ( foreach.,, foreach $i (@words){ 1, $i.,., s 1. s, s/ / /g; (12.51).,.,., (,, _).,, Perl ( )\W. s, $ =~ s/ / /g; (12.52), =~, s.

205 12.4. Perl 187 $i=~s/\w//g;.,., tr. tr s, $ =~ tr/ / /; (12.53),. ABCD, abcd, tr, A a, B b, C c, D d,.,., A-Z, A Z., $i=~tr/a-z/a-z/;., %count. % $.,, 1., $count{$i}++;,., %count.,., %count,., keys Perl. keys, keys % ; (12.54),.,,,., sort Perl. sort ;, ( ),., sort, ;, ( ),. sort, 2 $a $b, $a ( ) -1, $a $b 0, $a 1., sort,, $a 1, $b 2.

206 188 12,, Perl sub { ; return ; sort 2 $a $b. return ( ). 2 $a $b $a<$b 1, $a=$b 0, $a>$b 1, ( by_number ) sub by_number{ if($a<$b){ return -1; }elsif($a==$b){ return 0; }elsif($a>$b){ return 1; } },,, <=>, sub by_number{ $a<=>$b; }.,.,, cmp, $a cmp $b;.,, $count{$b}<=>$count{$a}; (12.55)., (12.4.8), 2,., or., sub by_number{ $count{$b}<=>$count{$a} $a cmp $b; }., %count. by_number, sort by_number keys %count; (12.56)., foreach. foreach $i (sort by_number keys %count){

207 12.4. Perl 189, printf. printf ( ), printf " ", 1, 2,...; (12.57)., %20d 12.4: printf %s %d %f %s, %,., %-20d -..,, 3, foreach $i (sort by_number keys %count){ printf("%-40s %4d\n",$i,$count{$i}); }.

208

209 L A TEX,.,, L A TEX., L A TEX,, ( ),.,,, L A TEX,. L A TEX,, L A TEX L A TEX,., L A TEX. L A TEX, 1993, LaTeX2.09, L A TEX2ε,,. L A TEX2.09, L A TEX2ε. L A TEX,., L A TEX, L A TEX.,, L A TEX., L A TEX. L A TEX, L A TEX L A TEX,, L A TEX platex ( ) xdvi

210 L A TEX lpr. L A TEX, L A TEX,. L A TEX,.tex..tex,.tex., platex,.dvi. dvips PostScript,.ps.,,.ps. platex,,,.,,.,, platex 2 3. platex 1,,. platex, platex (13.1)., sample1.tex,. platex sample1.tex (13.2) platex, DVI (.dvi ). xdvi, DVI. xdvi, xdvi (13.3). sample1.dvi, xdvi sample1.dvi (13.4). DVI., dvips. dvips, dvips -f DVI > PostScript (13.5)., sample1.dvi DVI sample1.ps, dvips -f sample1.dvi > sample1.ps (13.6).

211 13.2. L A TEX 193 dvi2ps DVI > PostScript (13.7). dvips ( dvi2ps) (PostScript ), lpr., smaple1.ps, lpr sample1.ps (13.8). PostScript, gv, PostScript., PostScript, dvips sample1.dvi lpr (13.9) Mule *.tex platex *.dvi dvips *.ps lpr xdvi gv 13.1: L A TEX, L A TEX, Mule.,.,,,., L A TEX ( )., Mule AUC TEX, YaTeX., AUC TEX L A TEX 13.2 L A TEX, 13.3 L A TEX., L A TEX, L A TEX., %,

212 L A TEX \documentclass{jarticle} \usepackage{amsmath,graphicx} \begin{document} \title{ {\LaTeX} } \author{ } \date{ ( )} \maketitle \section{ } {\LaTeX}, Leslie Lamport., Donald Knuth {\TeX}. {\LaTeX} Leslie Lamport, {LaTeX} {\LaTeXe}. \section{{\latex} } {\LaTeX}., platex,. \end{document} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t %%% End: 13.2: 13.3: L A TEX

213 13.2. L A TEX 195 \documentclass{jarticle} (13.10) jarticle,., jarticle jreport jbook 3. jarticle., (, section),. jreport,., (chapter),. jbook. jbook, (, ). \begin{document}.,,. \usepackage{amsmath,graphicx}, amsmath graphicx 2,.,. \begin{document} \end{document} L A TEX. L A TEX, \begin{document} 1 \end{document} 1. \begin{document}., \end{document},.,,, \title L A TEX 13.1: \title{ {\LaTeX} } ( ) \author{ } ( ) \date{ ( )} ( ) \maketitle,, \author, \date. {}. maketitle,,,. \maketitle.,, \author{}, \date{}.,, \maketitle. \maketitle.

214 L A TEX 13.3 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX, L A TEX. L A TEX, \.,,,., { } indexlatex@l A {} []., ,. (,, ). LaTeX,. part ( ) chapter ( ) section ( ) subsection subsubsection paragraph subparagraph,,. section, part book jbook, chapter book, jbook, report, jreport.,,,., \section{ } \subsection{ } \subsubsection{ } \paragraph{ }, \,, {} ( ).,, L A TEX,.,.

215 13.3. L A TEX (13.11) , L A TEX. L A TEX, L A TEX.. L A TEX 2, 1.,. L A TEX, 1 80., L A TEX,,,,., \begin{ }, \end{ }.,, L A TEX, \begin{itemize} \item 1 \item 2 \end{itemize} 13.4: ( ), 13.5: ( ), L A TEX itemize enumerate description equation eqnarray figure table tabular center flushleft flushright quote verbatim 13.2: L A TEX ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( tabular ) (L A TEX )

216 L A TEX L A TEX,,, ( )., \label \ref. \label,,. \label{ } (13.12).,.,.,., ( ) \caption, \caption \label,.,., \label{sec:introduction} (13.13) ( introduction ), \label{eq:integration} (13.14) ( )., \ref. \ref, \ref{ \label } (13.15)., (13.3.4), \ref{sec:introduction} (13.16)., \ref, \label.,, platex , L A TEX., AUC TEX L A TEX, L A TEX,., L A TEX, AUC TEX L A TEX., Mule L A TEX, AUC TEX.,, /lecture/latex (13.17)., cd ~/lecture mkdir latex (13.18)

217 13.4. AUC TEX L A TEX 199 \documentclass{jarticle} \begin{document} sec:intro \section{ } \label{sec:intro} \ref{sec:physics}. \section{ } 2 sec:physics \label{sec:physics} \ref{subsec:mechanics}. (\ref{eq:newton}). \ref{subsec:em}. (\ref{eq:sef}). \subsection{ } 1 \label{subsec:mechanics} subsec:mechanics \begin{equation} F=m a Newton \label{eq:newton} eq:newton \end{equation}. \subsection{ } 2 \label{subsec:em} subsec:em \begin{equation} \nabla \cdot D=\rho \label{eq:sef} eq:sef \end{equation}. \end{document} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t %%% End: 13.6: 13.7:,,. Mule, L A TEX., L A TEX.tex.

218 L A TEX sample1.tex., ~/lecture/latex kterm mule Mule, C-x C-f (13.19) (13.20)., Mule ( ) Find file: ~/lecture/latex (13.21), sample1.tex., Mule, Master file: (default this file) ~/lecture/latex/ (13.22) ( ).,., (13.23)., Mule. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t %%% End:, (13.24) C-c C-e (13.25)., Mule Environment type: (default document) (13.26).,, Enter., Mule Document style: (default jarticle) (13.27). jarticle, Enter. (jreport jbook, jreport jbook ). Enter, Mule Options: (13.28).,, Enter., Mule., docmentstyle \begin{document}, \end{document}. \documentclass{jarticle} \begin{document} \end{document} (13.29) %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t

219 13.4. AUC TEX L A TEX 201, sample1.tex,.,,,. \documentclass{jarticle} \begin{document} \title{ } \author{ xxxxxx \date{ } \maketitle. \end{document} } (13.30) %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t %%% End:, L A TEX.. C-, ( \end{document} ) M-w.,.... L A TEX,., C-c C-r (13.31)., Mule Command: (default LaTeX) (13.32).. Mule (13.33) LaTeX: successfully formatted {1} page. (13.34)..,. 1 C-c C-r (13.35)., Mule Command: (default LaTeX) (13.36), view., Mule (13.37)

220 L A TEX., (13.39)., (xdvi ),...,., Quit., C-c C-r print ( )., Mule (13.40) (13.41) Printer: (default lp) (13.42). Enter,., Mule Print command: dvips _region_ lpr -Plp (13.43) ( ). Enter,,.,., C-c C-c. C-c C-c (13.44).,, Mule Command: (default LaTeX) (13.45).., (13.46) Command: (default LaTeX) (13.47).., Mule (13.48) LaTeX: successfully formatted {1} page. (13.49).,. C-c C-c (13.50). Mule Command: (default LaTeX) (13.51)

221 Command: (default View) (13.52). L A TEX. (default LaTeX)? view (13.53), (default View)?.,., C-c C-c print (13.54) (13.55) (13.56).,, Mule Printer: (default lp) (13.57). Enter,., Mule Print command: dvi2ps _region_ lpr -Plp (13.58) ( ). Enter,,., AUC TEX 13.3, : AUC TEX ( ) C-c C-r C-c C-c C-c C-e 13.4: C-c C-r ( ) latex view print L A TEX,,

222 , L A TEX 2.,.,..,.,, 1. $ $., $ $, ,, \begin{equation} (13.59) \end{equation}, \begin{equation} \end{equation} (13.1).,, \begin{equation} \end{equation} \[ \/.. \[ \] (13.60) L A TEX,,., 13.5., 13.5 ($ $, \begin{equation} \end{equation}\verb ) L A TEX, graphicx.,., L A TEX. L A TEX,. L A TEX \usepackage., \usepackage{ } (13.61)., \usepackage{ 1, 2,...} (13.62)

223 : ^ x^{2} x 2 _ x_{2} x 2 1 \frac \frac{1}{2} / 1/2 1/2 \sqrt \sqrt{2} 2 n n \sqrt \sqrt[n]{2} 2 n \sum \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i \prod \prod_{i=1}^{n} y_i \int \int_{0}^{5} f(x) dx i=1 n i=1 5 \partial \partial f/\partial x f/ x 0 x i y i f(x)dx \usepackage{ 1} (13.63)\usepackage{ 2} (13.64) \usepackage., []. \usepackage[ ]{ } (13.65)., graphicx. graphicx,, (\documentstyle, \begin{document} ), \usepackage{graphicx} L A TEX. \documentclass{jarticle} \usepackage{graphicx} \begin{document} \end{document} graphicx, PostScript \includegraphics., \includegraphics{ } (13.66) \includegraphics[ ]{ } (13.67).,., includegrahics., 13.4, ~/lecture/latex (13.68).

224 L A TEX ~hanba/sample/ee.eps (13.69)., cp ~hanba/sample/ee.eps ~/lecture/latex (13.70),., Mule, 13.8., 13.8 \includegraphics [ ] width=\textwidth,. \documentclass{jarticle} \usepackage{graphicx} \begin{document} \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ee.eps} \end{center} \end{document} 13.8: PostScript L A TEX, C-c C-c (13.71)., Mule Command: (default LaTeX) (13.72), Enter., LaTeX: successfully formatted 1 page. (13.73).,., C-c C-c (13.74).,, Command: (default View) (13.75). Enter, xdvi,. \includegraphics, width ( ),.. width=0.5\textwidth 0.5 ( ). (0.5\textwidth, L A TEX 0.5 )., width=10cm, width=15mm.

225 207 14, X Window System ( ) CPU 10., X Window System,, X Window System.,?, X Window System, ( ).,,, ( ) X Window System,.,,.,, ed23, ed01 tgif,., rsh ed01 tgif, 14.1, Tgif. (14.1) 14.1: Tgif (14.1) 2., ed01 X Window System ed23 ed23 X Window System, ed01 ed ,, setenv DISPLAY

226 setenv DISPLAY :0.0 (14.2)., ed01( ), setenv DISPLAY ed23:0.0 (14.3). 2, xhost. kterm, xhost +, X (X Window System )., kterm xhost -,., ed23 kterm, xhost + ed01., ed01 being added to access control list, ed01 ed23 X ( 14.2)., ed01 kterm 14.2: xhost ed01 tgif, ed01 CPU Tgif., xhost (14.4) (14.5),., xhost + (14.6), X,,., xhost - (14.7),, X

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230 212 14, file002.txt file002.txt., C-x C-f (14.17), file003.txt file003.txt., Mule file001.txt file002.txt file003.txt 3 3, *scratch* ( ).,., Mule C-x C-b (14.18)., 2, ( 14.5). 14.5: Mule, C-x b (14.19)., Switch to buffer: (default file002.txt) (14.20). (default ) Enter, Enter., file001.txt (14.21)., ( )., C-x k (14.22)