OYO10.2.GEN-1.ec6

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きみのしんみやまる
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1 10 2, , ORIGINAL PAPER F OAP F Masahiko SEKINE, Masuji GOTO, Nobuyuki ITO, Koji TANAKA, Mitsuhiro KANAO,Tomomichi INOUE : Construction of a firefly stream by using a physical habitat evaluation method. Ecol. Civil Eng. 10 2, , Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi , Japan Symbiotic Environmental Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi , Japan River Division, Yamaguchi Prefecture, 1-1 Takimachi, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi , Japan Yamaguchi Prefecture Construction Technology Center, 8-3 Kasuga-cho, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi , Japan West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Watanabedori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka , Japan Central Consultant Inc., Temmabashi, Kita-ku, Osaka, Osaka , Japan Abstract: Firefly Luciola cruciata is a popular and historically important insect in Yamaguchi prefecture. In the midstream of Fushino river, we could see a lot of fireflies four or five decades ago but now we cannot see not only the fireflies but also marsh snails Semisulcospira libertina, the only feed for the firefly. Although the local government is planning to restore the firefly habitat in Fushino River, there are a lot of difficulties to accomplish the plan because they need to consider various firefly habitat requirements which spread from stream, ground and even to the sky together with snail habitat requirements which have not known well enough. To boost the efficiency of the restoration work, we build habitat suitability criteria HSC of surrounding environments distance to paddy field, woods, slopes and city zones and instream environments velocity, depth and channel index for the firefly and the snail. A physical habitat model with the HSC reveals that the midstream of Fushino River is not a good habitat for the firefly in current situation. Based on this information, an artificial stream for firefly is designed along the river and the ms@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp

2 , 2007 instream habitat condition of the stream is evaluated using PHABSIM Physical Habitat Simulation software. Based on the calculated result, minor stream improvement works and effective flow management procedure are proposed. Post construction monitoring shows the firefly larva landing points show good accordance with the good habitat zones predicted by PHABSIM. Key words: firefly, habitat evaluation, IFIM, Luciola Semisulcospira libertina cruciata, marsh snail, PHABSIM, HEP IFIM Luciola cruciata Semisulcospira libertina NEPA National Environmental Policy Act US-FWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service HEP Habitat Evaluation Procedure a HSI Habitat Suitability Index Habitat Suitability Model US-FWS IFIM Instream Flow Incremental Methodology Stalnaker et al. 1994

3 105 IFIM IFIM Fig. IFIM HEP IFIM PHABSIM Physical HABitat SIMulation U. S. Geological Survey, USGS PHABSIM IFIM IFIM PHABSIM IFIM River2D University of Alberta PHABSIM U. S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency QUAL2K PHABSIM PHABSIM Fig.Fig. Habitat Suitability Criteria, HSC Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the components and model linkages of the IFIM with the elements of PHABSIM indicated by italicized text Hardy 2003.

4 , 2007 Fig. 2. Conceptualization of how PHABSIM makes habitat predictions Adapted from Stalnaker ft m ft m SIdft SIdft SId Fig. Fig. WUA Weighted Usable Area WUA WUA WUA PHABSIM WUA CSI HEP HSI Fig. HEP PHABSIM Fig. PHABSIM HSC HEP HSI

5 107 PHABSIM PHABSIM HSC Table Table Table GIS m m m HSC Fig. Fig. HSC PHABSIM GIS CSI HSC CSI HSC GIS HSC HSC Table Fig. Fig. Fig. HSC Table HSC HSC Fig. Fig. Fig. HSC Fig. HSC

6 , 2007 Table 1. Characteristics of firefly Luciola cruciata habitat. cm scm s cm s cm s cm s cm s cm mg ldo DO BOD COD mg l ppm mg l Cu LAS cm cm DO cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm m cm m DO m

7 109 m lux m m Fig. 3. HSC of firefly for distance to paddy field. Fig. 5. HSC of firefly for distance to slopes. Fig. 4. HSC of firefly for distance to woods. Fig. 6. HSC of firefly for distance to city zones.

8 , 2007 Fig. 7. HSC of firefly for velocity. Fig. 10. Population density and HSC of snail larva for velocity. Vertical lines represent 95 confidence limit of population density. Solid line represents HSC. Fig. 8. HSC of firefly for depth. Fig. 11. Population density and HSC of snail larva for depth. Vertical lines represent 95 confidence limit of population density. Solid line represents HSC. Fig. 9. HSC of firefly for channel index. Fig. 12. Population density and HSC of snail larva for channel index. Vertical lines represent 95 confidence limit of population density. Solid line represents HSC.

9 111 Table 2. Characteristics of Snail Semisulcospira libertina habitat m sec DO ph Cl LAS ppm m cm m cm cm cm m cm m CSI PHABSIM PHABSIM PHABSIM GIS CSI Fig. Fig.

10 , 2007 Fig. 13. Calculated WCSI and Observed firefly snail number in three different rivers. PHABSIM Fig. Fig. 14. Instream CSI for midstream of Fushino River low water lever.

11 113 Fig. 15. Surroundings CSI for midstream of Fushino River. GIS GIS Fig. 16. Plan view of firefly stream together with observed firefly larva landing points and PHABSIM CSI calculation result upper right corner. Groin A and B have been built based on PHABSIM analysis.

12 , 2007 Fig. km m sec m sec PHABSIM WCSI Fig. cm sec Fig. Fig. HSC cm sec cm sec SI HSC WCSI WCSI m sec WCSI WCSI WCSI WCSI WCSI Fig. Groin A,B WCSI Fig. WCSI WCSI m s m s m sec PHABSIM Fig. 17. WCSI of firefly stream without groin A, B. Fig. 18. WCSI of firefly stream with groin A, B.

13 115 CSI Fig. Luciola lateralis Fig. PHABSIM CSI HSC HSC HSI Fig. HSC HSI HSC HSC Fig. Fig. Fig. PHABSIM USGS PHABSIM USGS 2001Hardy 2003 HSC HEP a Hardy 2003 HSI b PHABSIM PHABSIM m sec

14 , 2007 m sec PHAB- SIM : : HEC 133: 6-7 Hardy T. B The Theory and Application of the Physical Habitat Simulation System PHABSIM for Windows PHABWin-2002 Lecture Manual. pp : pp. GIS : pp. IFIM pp. a HEP pp. b HSI Ver pp. HSI pp : pp. Stalnaker C., Lamb B. L., Henriksen J., Bovee K., Bartholow J The instream flow incremental methodology A Primer for IFIM. National Ecology Research Center and National Biological Survey. pp. 99. ; Venus 50 3 : Venus 54 2 : nekopapa/hotaru/torikawa/genji.htm University of Alberta River2D U. S. Environmental Protection Agency River and Stream Water Quality Model U. S. Geological Survey 2001 PHABSIM for Windows User s Manual and Exercises. Midcontinent Ecological Science Center Open File Report , pp U. S. Geological Survey PHABSIM phabsim.asp Venus 37 2 : : : : : : 59-63

Table 1 Utilization of Data for River Water Table 2 Utilization of Data for Groundwater Quality Analysis5,6,9,10,13,14) Quality Analysis5-13) Fig. 1 G

Key Words: river water quality, groundwater quality, manpower development, sewerage Table 1 Utilization of Data for River Water Table 2 Utilization of Data for Groundwater Quality Analysis5,6,9,10,13,14)