TEL URL B HP A4 pdf pdf ( )

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1 EL URL B4 211 HP 4 pf pf () /4/28 2: () 4 () 1

2 () HP , 1, 12, 4 14, HP (( ) () () ( ) Eu DN 2

3 38 ( 4 1 ) ( III ) 18 1 PIS ( 372 () ) 373 OECD (PIS) (15 ) 3 ( ) PIS18 PIS15PIS18 I ( ) I OECD () 367 () 219/4/28 () () (51)

4 1% () () MRCH RS(Reaing Skil est) 4 RS RS 36 RS PIS 215 ( ( ) ( ( HP ) ) )

5 () () ( ) k 1 () (26 ) 26 3 () [cm] [g] [ mm] (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) g (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)2g (1)(2) (4) () = k (), k : () () ( f f = 1, 2l ρ :, l :, ρ : ( () () ( mm) 5

6 () l, ρ x z t x z(x, t) 2 z t 2 = k2 2 z x 2, k = ρ k( ) k ( ( HP ) ) (B) 34 ( l (t = ) f(x) l/2 l t = l l l n = 1 n = 3 n = 5 (n = 1) (n = 3) (n = 5) 1 : : 1 : () 52 t = l (n = 1) + (n = 3) + (n = 5) 3 ( C ) x (pf 1 ) ( ) () ( )n = 1 n = 3, 5, () n = 1 n n = 1 n = /n n = 1n = 3n = 5 () () () t = 1 l 12 t = 2 l 12 t = 3 l 12 l l l t = 4 12 t = 5 12 t = 6 12 () () ( (n) ) GNUPLO (GNUPLO 1986 GNUPLO ) ( 1 ) () 29 ( 26 ) 2 3 FF(First Fourier ransform) FOR- RN(FORRN () 6

7 ) MS-DOS(Winows OS) WV (DOS Free ) (3Hz ) ( ) 3 () = 9 ( ) ( ) () 2 ( ) 1 = Wikipeia (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (1) (11) (12) (4) (7) (9) (3) 9 () () π ππ π 2 π = π2 6 ( )π ()Wikipeia π 2 19 () e e = ! + 1 2! + 1 3! + () a n = 1 + n 1 n(n 1) ( ) n(n 1) (n n + 1) ( ) n n 2! n n! n = ( 1 1 ) ( 1 1 ) ( 1 2 ) ( 1 n 1 ) 2! n n! n n n a n+1 = ( 1 1 ) + 2! n ( 1 1 ) ( 1 2 ) ( 1 n 1 ) n! n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 ( ) ( 1 2 ) ( 1 n ) (n + 1)! n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 a n < a n+1 a n 1 1 n < 11 2 n 1 < 1 1 < 1 n n 2! = 2, 3! > 2 2,, n! > 2 n 1 a n < ! n! 7

8 < n 1 < /2 = 3 {a n } e e = a, a, b b ( b! e = b! + b! 1! + b! 2! + b! 3! + + b! ) b! { } + b! (b + 1)! + b! (b + 2)! + b! (b + 3)! + b!/(b { + 1)! b 1 } b! (b + 1)! + b! (b + 2)! + b! (b + 3)! + = 1 (b + 1) + 1 (b + 1)(b + 2) + 1 (b + 1)(b + 2)(b + 3) + < = 1 1 () { } e = a/b ab e Wikipeia () e 4 8 () h, l η η = 1 Q l 1 l () Q h h Q h Q l h l h M Q h Q l l W = Q h Q l Q h (> ) Q l (> ) Q h Q 1, Q l Q 2 Q 1 + Q 2 () 1 2 M Q 1 Q 2 Q n 1 2 n Q 1 Q 2 Q n C 1 C 2 C n Q (1) Q (2) Q (n) 1, 2,, n Q 1, Q 2,, Q n C 1, C 2,, C n

9 1, 2,, n Q 1, Q 2,, Q n Q (1), Q(2),, Q(n) Q Q = Q (i) Q i Q (i) = i Q = Q i i Q Q homson Q Q Q i i () -- Q -- Q () (1) I II - Q IB BII + - Q = - Q BII = -- Q IIB = - Q IB B I II B B - Q = f(, B) B - M Q = -- B Q + -- Q M f(, B) = f(, M) + f(m, B) M -- Q = -- Q (M ) M f(, M) = f(m, ) f(m, ) = S(), f(, B) = S(B) S() B - Q f(m, B) = S(B) ef = S(B) S() () (2) -- Q ef = S () (3) entropy U + pv = S 9 U = S pv (4) 4 I II II -- Q IB BII - Q IIB = - Q = S(B) S() B -- Q S(B) S() (5) -- Q S () (6) - Q = S 3 -- Q = S -S W = Q - Q l D C S S h B Carnot cycle CCarathéoory Clausius homson ( -- Q = ) -- Q 1/ -- Q Q 1 S 1 = - Q1 S 2 = -- Q Q1 2 S

10 S = S 1 + S 2 = ( ) -- Q 1 (7) 1 < 2 - Q1 >, 1 1 > 1 2 S > 1 > 2 - Q1 <, 1 1 < 1 2 S > S > -- Q 1 - W = Q1 > 2 -- Q 1 1 C 2 -- W -- W - Wlost = Q1 S = Q1 = - Wlost W lost = 1 S (8) -- W lost S > - Wlost 8 3 h Q h h Q h h l Q h h W W lost l Q l = l Q h l Ql h (U, S) - Q (U + U, S + S) U = - Q - W (9) 1 (Clausius -- Q S (1) (e) 9 Clausius 1 (e) (e) 1 ( 1 1 (e) )-- Q + S -- Q (11) 7 -- Q - Q/ Clausius -- Q S (12) -- W (U + U, S + S) U = -- Q rev - B Wrev (13) -- Q -- W rev - Qrev = S (14) (U, S) -- Q rev - Wrev = S U (15) Q = S S gen (16) S gen (17) S gen - W - Wrev -- W lost 1618 W = W rev W lost (18) U = - Q -- W = (S Sgen ) -- W rev + - Wlost 15 - Wlost = S gen (19) 17 8

11 4 819, p, p, V -- W p 1 p p p,, V -- p,, V Q Carnot cycle Carnot cycle W 2 Q V -- W 1 - W1 = (p p )V -- Q - W2 - W2 = -- Q = ( )S - W = -- W W 2 = (p p )V ( )S = ( S pv ) + S p V = U + S p V (2) 11 W = = p, p, p, p, -- W p, p, U + S p V p, = U U (S S ) p (V V ) p, E = U U (S S ) p (V V ) (21) pv p p (p, V, ) E E = U(p, V, ) U(p, V, ) aiabatic E a p (V V ) (S S ) p (V V ) D B(p, V, ) (p, V, ) C (S S ) V V V V, V (p, V, ) p U(p, V, ) = U(p, V, ) p E a = U(p, V, ) U(p, V, ) p (V V ) U(p, V, ) U(p, V, ) + p (V V ) (S S ) B C D E B C C D = D E E -S V E a p D E S S B C

12 etc () (51)

cm H.11.3 P.13 2 3-106-

H11.3 H.11.3 P.4-105- cm H.11.3 P.13 2 3-106- 2 H.11.3 P.47 H.11.3 P.27 i vl1 vl2-107- 3 h vl l1 l2 1 2 0 ii H.11.3 P.49 2 iii i 2 vl1 vl2-108- H.11.3 P.50 ii 2 H.11.3 P.52 cm -109- H.11.3 P.44 S S H.11.3