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1 The purpose of this study is to clarify the migration trend of Iraqi refugees after the Iraq War and the Jordanian government s policy on this issue following its long historical relationship with Iraq. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, both Iraq and Jordan were established under the Hashemite dynasty, which was supported by Britain and France during the Mandate Period. After the coup d état, monarchy ended in Iraq, and Saddam Hussein and his Ba ath party ascended to power. Initially, the relation between Iraq and Jordan was tense because of the Ba ath ideology. However King Hussein of Jordan chose to consider Iraq as a strong partner in the region, and Iraq found benefit from having close ties with Jordan. The two countries thus became close allies and remained so even after the two wars in the Gulf area; the Iran-Iraq War of and the Gulf War in 1991.
2 After the Iraq War, the situation changed: the government under Saddam Hussein was overturned, and Iraq fell into turmoil of violence under its new provisional government. King Hussein had already passed away and was succeeded by King Abdullah who assumed a pro-the Western stance. Nevertheless, Jordan continued to support the Iraqi refugees and provided a safe base for the international relief organizations; this stance was unwelcomed by Iraqi extremists. In November 2005, three hotels in Amman were attacked supposedly by Al-Qaida group. Jordan closed its border with Iraq as a preventive measure against the infiltration of more Islamic extremists. Another wave of refugee migration further changed the situation. In 2006, the bombing of the Shiite Askari Mosque in Iraq ignited conflict between the religious sects in Iraq. Jordan was unable to stop the influx of Iraqi refugees fleeing from the violence, and offered them a safe living space. However, at the same time the Jordanian government revised its immigration regulations. It welcomed international aid for the refugees under the condition that the country itself be considered as one of the beneficiaries. Thus, Jordan took advantage of its position and found its new way to survive amidst the Middle-Eastern turmoil following the Iraq War NGO : -
3 E. Salibi:, - : -; Salibi: -; Romano:
4 Dallas: - Baram: RCC Baram: - Baram: : IMF International Statistics Yearbook - International Financial Statistics,, p. ; Annual Abstract of Statistics, Baghdad,, p. ; Central Bank of Jordan, Monthly Statistical Bulletin, July, p.. Baram:,
5 PLO ibid.: Bouillon: - ; Baram: -, ; The New York Times Bouillon: - ; Baram: -
6 USA Today Baram: National Public Radio; The New York Times; National Journal; Romano: Baram: - ; Bouillon: - The New York Times.
7 Fafo IDPs a NGO A refugeedisplaced persons persons of concern
8 TCNs: Third Country Nationals B B IOM B IOM TCNs A UNHCR JHCO: the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organization al-hai, al-khair - ya al-, urudun - ya al-hāshim - ya Oxfam Me decins du Monde Japan Platform IRINb; Human Rights Watch: ; ; IRINa; ibid.c Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies B
9 TCNs : ; Human Rights Watch: Romano: NML UNHCR WFP UNHCR UNHCR; Human Rights Watch: - RomanoUSCR UNHCR NML: No-Man's-Land
10 NML UNHCRNML TCNs USA Today; IRINa
11 Le Troquer and al-qudat; Lesch Royal Decree NML The New Yorker; The Economist ; The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs ; a Human Rights Watch; ibida; ibidb UNHCR A UNHCRUNHCR
12 The Economist ; UNHCR The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs CPAIGC IDPs Romano:, NML
13 Al-Jazeerad USIP --: Voter Turnout Numbers for Polling Day in Out-of-Country Ballot
14 Al-Jazeerab; ibid.c; ibid.d; ibid. Al-Jazeerab; ibid.c; ibid.a Al-Jazeerab; ibid.c Human Rights Watch a; ibid.b The Washington Post IOM Fafo Fafo : Fafo
15 Fafo Fafo Fafo Fafo: appendix, USIP UNHCR Fafo CSS Fafo Fafo: Fafo Highest Wealth
16 UNHCR NGO G S :G TNT TNT UNHCR MoU: Memorandum of Understanding UNHCR UNHCR guest
17 Policy Paper General Policy Paper: Supporting the Government of Jordan for Hosting Iraqis JPF JPF NGO NGO
18 PKO NGO NGO UNHCR NGOJEN KnKNICCO SCJ SCJ UNHCR Policy Paper JENJVCJIM-NET PEACE ONPWJ NPO
19 Baram, Amatzia.. No New Fertile Crescent: Iraqi-Jordanian Relations, -. in Joseph Nevo ed. Jordan in the Middle East, -: The Making of Pivotal State. Routledge, pp. -. Bouillon, Markus.. Walking the Tightrope: Jordanian Foreign Policy from the Gulf Crisis to the Peace Process and Beyond in George Joffe ed. Jordan in Transition -. London: Hurst &Company. pp. -. Dallas, Roland.. King Hussein: A Life on the Edge. New York: Fromm International The Economist ( Special Report: Volunteers for the war; Jordan and Iraq, Vol., Iss., p., Mar. Fafo (htpp:// Iraqis in Jordan Their Number and Characterisitcs Human Rights Watch (htpp:// Iraq/Jordan: Flight from Iraq: Attacks on Refugees and other Foreigners and their Treatment in Jordan, Vol., No. (E), May a. Jordan: Open Border to Palestinans Fleeing Iraq, April. b. Jordan: Bush and Abdullah Must Address Iraqi Refugee Crisis, November. IOM (International Organization for Migration) (htpp:// Iraq Displacement and Return Mid-Year Review b. Bill Frelick, Scant Refuge in Jordan, November. IRIN (htpp:// a. JORDAN: Humanitarian overview on the verge of conflict in Iraq, March. b. JORDAN: Third Country Nationals pour across border from Iraq, March. c. JORDAN: Prime minister calls on "brotherly countries" for humanitarian aid, March. Al-Jazeera (htpp://english.aljazeera.net/) a. 'Al-Qaida': Jordan bomb threat hyped, April. b. Jordan jails trio for tourist plot, May. c. Jordan sentences al-qaida suspects, June. d. Jordan: Iraq not ready for polls, September. a. Dozen sentenced in Jordan terror trial, September. b. Scores killed in Jordan hotel blasts, November. c. Iraq's al-qaida claims Jordan blasts, November.
20 d. Jordan king picks new prime minister, November.. Britain closes Amman embassy, January. Le Troquer, Yann and Rozenn Hommery al-qudat. From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians Third Exodus, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol., No., (Spring ), pp.-. Lesch, Ann N.. Palestinians in Kuwait, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol., No., (Summer ), pp.-. National Journal ( The balancing act that is Jordan, October. National Public Radio ( Iraqis Flee Saddam s Rule and Go to Jordan, August. The New York Times ( Youssef M. Ibrahim Jordan Cools Its Welcome to Iraqi Leader's Son-in -Law, September.. William A. Orme Jr. Jordan King's Heir Reaffirms Stand for Peace and U.S. Ties, February. The New Yorker ( Isabel Hilton, Little Iraq, Vol., Iss., Apr.. Romano, David.. Whose House is this Anyway? IDP and Refugee Return in Post-Saddam Iraq, Journal of Refugee Studies, December. No., pp. -. Salibi, Kamal.. The Modern History of Jordan. London and New York: I.B.Tauris UNHCR ( Fact Sheet the Iraq situation, May.. Iraq Situation Update, April-May. USA Today ( Jordan reopens it border; Thousands wait to flee Iraq, January. USIP ( Scott Lasensky, Special Report, Jordan and Iraq: Between Cooperation and Crisis, December. The Washington Post ( Ellen Knickmeyer and K. L. Ibrahim, Bombing shatters mosque in Iraq, February. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs ( U.S. attack on Iraq provokes anger across the Arab world, May. Vol., Iss.. -. Vol., Vo.,. a. b.
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