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まさとしにかどり
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1 The UN on the Ground MIZUNO Takaaki As a reporter, I witnessed various kinds of UN humanitarian operations ranging from Cambodia to Iraq and Afghanistan. In the case of the Cambodian refugee crisis, it was the first time that Japanese civilian relief organizations were actively involved with internationally coordinated rescue operations. After the Gulf War, new forms of UN Peace Keeping Operations emerged in Iraq and in other places, largely brought about by the end of the Cold War. The most conspicuous one was the United Nations Iraq- Kuwait Observation Mission UNIKOM to which all five Security Council permanent members P5 contributed troops. Before this, it would have been unimaginable to see American and Russian officers working together in the Kuwait desert monitoring Iraqi troops. Such euphoria quickly disappeared, however, when another major humanitarian crisis erupted along the Turkish-Iraqi border. Kurds were forced to evacuate their homes after they failed to gain independence during brutal repression by Iraqi troops. In order to repatriate these Kurds, the first Japanese UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Sadako Ogata, decided to ask the US-led multinational force to provide military cover for returnees and even established safe zones inside Iraqi territory. It was a difficult decision for the humanitarian organization UNHCR because involvement in such a highly politicized matter could jeopardize the vital mission of humanitarian relief. This remains a classic dilemma for the UN in the contemporary, murky world. To protect vulnerable people on the ground from brutal violence, it is necessary for the UN to have its own robust capability to enforce peace. The notion of the Responsibility to Protect R2P has been officially endorsed by both the UN General Assembly and the UN 69

After the Gulf War, new forms of UN Peace Keeping Operations emerged in Iraq and in other places, largely brought about by the end of the Cold War.

2 Security Council. Its effective implementation, however, remains one of the greatest challenges to the international community today

3 JVC UNICEF WFP 71

4 CARE World Vision NGO 40 72

5 JVC NGO NGO NGO displaced persons 73

6 PKO

7 UNIKOM 3 PKO PKO 4 PKO UNIKOM PKO PKO UNIKOM 5 UNMO UNIKOM PKO 75

8 PKO 2003 UNIKOM 1992 Agenda for Peace PKO peace enforcement PKO 96 76

9 UNHCR UNHCR HCR 77

10 UNHCR UNHCR 5 PKO 6 PKO 6 7 Responsibility to Protect

11 The United Nations Guards Contingent in Iraq UNGCI PKO F UN PKO PKO PKO NGO 79

12 NGO UNTAC 80

13 UNTAC UNV NGO PKO 81

14 UNTAC UNTAC PKO UNTAC UN ASEAN PKO 92 82

15 3 5. UN

16 NPT P p 13 3 PKO p Chasing the flame, Sergio Vieira De Mello and the fight to save the world by Samantha Powers, the Penguin Press, 2008 p

17 NGO 1990 PKO 1991 The Turbulent Decade by Sadako Ogata, W. W. Norton 2005 Secretary or General? The UN Secretary-General in World Politics ed by Simon Chesterman, Cambridge University Press, 2007 The United Nations and Its Future in the 21 st Century ed by Vijay Mehta, Spokesman for Action for UN Renewal,

The UN Secretary-General in World Politics ed by Simon Chesterman, Cambridge

„h‹¤.05.07

„h‹¤.05.07 Japanese Civilian Control in the Cold War Era Takeo MIYAMOTO In European and American democratic countries, the predominance of politics over military, i.e. civilian control, has been assumed as an axiom.