1 1.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2

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1 (Communication and Network) Ethernet ( ) (ARP) DHCP, TCP, NAT, DNS, HTTP, SMTP, FTP 1

2 1 1.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2

3 2.7K 3

4 1.2% 120 L = = m 120 V = (4π/3)L 3 = m 3 P = (70 ) 1m 3 1 n V = P n n = log(v/p )/ log(1.012) = / =13,

69 10 78 m 3 P = 7 10 9 (70 ) 1m 3 1 n V = P 1.

5 5

6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 6

7 ( ) ( ) 7

8 ( ) 8

9 ( ) 9

10 1.2 (BC6 4, ) (BC3, ) ( ) (1793 ) (1832, ), Telex ( ) (1876, ) (1894, ) (1980 ) ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) (1969, 1990 ) 10

11 1.3 (2ch, ) 11

12 (TCP/IP) 12/7 Ethernet, IP ARP 2. (TCP/IP) 12/10 TCP, DNS, DHCP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP 3. I 12/14 4. II 12/17 5. III 12/ /24 7. I 1/4 8. II 1/7 9. 1/ III 1/ I 1/ II 1/ I 1/ II 2/ /4? /8?

II 12/17 5. III 12/21 6. 12/24 7. I 1/4 8. II 1/7 9.

13 2 1 or 0 ISO (International Standard Orgaizaiotn) OSI (Open System Interconection) 7 ( ) (UDP, TCP) ( 3) (IP, Internet protocol) ( 2) point to point (Ethernet, Modem) (, RS-232C) 13

14 OSI KDD NetBIOS DECNet (IBM) CAMAC ( ) 14

15 2.1 Ethernet Xerox DEC LAN (Local Area Network) CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect) 1 ( ) IEEE Base-2 : 1 10Base-5 : 10Base-T : ( ) : : ( 2 3 ) 15

Access with Collision Detect) 1 ( ) IEEE 802.

16 10Base-2 10Base-T 10M bit/s 100Base-T (100 Mbit/s) 1000Base-T (1000 Mbit/s) 10GBase-T (10 Gbit/s) 16

17 2.2 Ethernet MAC Media Access Control address 00:14:22:0A:1A:D4 24 bit (OUI, Organizationally Unique Identifier, IEEE 1,650 ) 24 bit Ethernet 1 1 MAC MAC 17

18 2.2.2 Ethernet Ethernet (RFC 894) RFC : Request For Comments : IEEE 802.2/802.3(RFC 1042) Ethernet 18

19 (6 byte MAC ) (6 byte MAC ) (2 byte) (0800 : IP 0806 : ARP 8035 RARA) ( byte) CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) (0 4 byte) ( ) 19

20 2.3 (IP) ( 3) Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) ARPANET (1969-) ARPANET 1981 ALO- HAnet network UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protcol, UNIX IP UUCP ) 1984 JUNET (Japan University NETwork) 20

21 WWW(World Wide Web, 1989 ) Windows 95 21

22 22

23 2.4 (IP) IP IP 32 bit ( ) ID ID ( ) Tier 1 (10 ) B (65536 ) 23

24 24

25 ID ID 32bit ID 0 ID IP ID ID 0 ID 1 25

26 1 IP 26

27 IP (4 bit) (4 bit) (TOS 8 bit) ( ) (16 bit) ( ) (16 bit) (3 bit 2bit More Fragment bit Don t Fragment bit) ( 8byte 13 bit) ( 1 64 TTL 8 bit) ( (TCP:6, UDP:17, ICMP:1 ) 8 bit) IP (16 bit) IP (32 bit) 27

28 IP (32 bit) ( ) ( ) TOS (3bit) (1bit) (1bit) (1bit) (1bit) 0 (1bit) 28

29 29

30 Ethernet 1500byte MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) 1500byte IP 1 Ethernet 1 IP (1bit) (1bit) ( 1bit) 30

31 2.5 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Ethernet IP IP IP IP Ehternet Mac Mac Ethernet MAC FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF ( 1) (IP 1) 31

32 Ethernet ARP (Address Resolution Protocol, ) IP MAC ARP Ethernet IP ARP (Ehternet ) Ethernet IP IP Mac Ethernet Mac ( )IP Ehternet Mac IP Mac ( ) 32

33 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) MAC IP 2.6 IPv6 IPv4 ( 4) (IPv4) 32bit 40 IPv6 ( 6) 128 bit ( ) FE80:CD00:0000:1234:00CD:0000:2342:DC2F 4 0 FE80:CD00:0:1234:CD:0:2342:DC2F 33

34 0 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 ::1/128 64bit 64bit 48bit 16bit Windows (C: ) - 3G/4G IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 34

35 3 TCP UDP TCP : Transmission Control Protocol UDP : User Datagram Protocol 35

36 3.1 TCP IP TCP ( ) 1 36

37 3.1.1 TCP (16 bit) (16 bit) (32 bit) (32 bit) : (4 bit) (6 bit) (URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN, 1 bit) URG : ACK : PSH : RST : TCP SYN : TCP FIN : TCP 37

38 (16 bit) TCP (16 bit) (16 bit) (16 bit) IP TCP 38

39 39

40 3.2 UDP IP UDP ( ) UDP UDP (16 bit) (16 bit) UDP (16 bit) UDP (16 bit) 40

41 3.3 IP TCP or UDP 15/tcp : netstat : NETwork STATstics 20/tcp : ftp-data : data of File Transfer Protocol 21/tcp : ftp : control of File Transfer Protocol 22/tcp : telnet : TELE-NETwork login 25/tcp : smtp : Simple Mail Transform Protocol 53/tcp,udp : DNS : Domain Name Server 80/tcp,upd : http : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 995/tcp,udp : pop3 : Post Office Protocol V.3 443/tcp,udp : https : Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL 41

42 995/tcp,udp : pop3s : pop3 over SSL 4 gateway (router) 1 ( 1 bit ) gateway router 2 IP LAN LAN IP WAN (Wide area network) WAN IP LAN WAN 42

43 LAN IP 1 gateway (router) gateway gateway routing gateway routing table default gateway (default router) gateway (router) default gateway gateway routing table ( gateway 10 ) gateway 1 43

44 traceroute tracepath (Windows tracert) gateway (gateway ) yamasita@white:~$ traceroute 1: black.ide.titech.ac.jp 0.097ms pmtu : sekisho.ide.titech.ac.jp 0.612ms 1: sekisho.ide.titech.ac.jp 0.585ms 2: ms 3: ms 4: ms 5: ms 6: ms 7: ms asymm 8 8: ms 9: tokyo-dc-gm2-ae0-vlan10.s4.sinet.ad.jp 1.624ms 10: lax-dc-gm1-xe1-1-0-vlan10.s4.sinet.ad.jp ms 11: cenichpr-1-lo-jmb-702.lsanca.pacificwave.net ms 12: svl-hpr2--lax-hpr2-10g.cenic.net ms 13: hpr-stanford--svl-hpr2-10ge.cenic.net ms 14: boundarya-rtr.stanford.edu ms 15: no reply 16: no reply 17: www-v6.stanford.edu ms reached Resume: pmtu 1500 hops 17 back

45 4.1 NAT Network Address Translation IP 2 32 ( ) NAT IP IP IP LAN (local area network) IP LAN IP 45

46 LAN IP LAN gateway IP gateway IP LAN ( ) WAN ( ) WAN WAN gateway gateway IP LAN WAN LAN LAN 46

47 LAN 1 LAN ( 1 ) LAN 2 gateway LAN 47

48 48

49 49

50 50

51 4.2 IP Masquerade NAT LAN UDP, TCP UDP, TCP LAN WAN LAN ( ) WAN ( ) WAN LAN WAN LAN 51

52 LAN LAN IP Masquerade 52

53 53

54 54

55 5 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol IP DNS (DNS ) NIS NTP WINS DHCP DHCP : DHCP : ( IP ) 55

56 1. DHCP ( ) UDP (DISCOVER) DHCP IP MAC (OFFER) (DHCP ) 4. DHCP DHCP IP (REQUEST) 5. DHCP IP MAC (PACK) PNAK 6. PACK 7. IP 56

57 6 DNS Domain Name Service (System) IP IP IP (resolve) (IP ) www, ide, titech, ac, jp 5 ide.titech.ac.jp ide.titech.ac.jp titech.ac.jp titech.ac.jp ac.jp 57

58 ac.jp jp jp :. TLD (Top Level Dmain) : com, org, jp 6.1 (DNS) (DNS) ( ) IP ( ) IP 58

59 DNS (13 IP ) 6.2 IP IPv4 in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa (PTR ) (A ) 59

60 7 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hypertext : ( ) WWW HTML (Hyper Text Markup Langage) 60

61 ( ET /ja/ HTTP/1.1 Host: User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:24.0) Gecko/ Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: ja,en-us;q=0.7,en;q=0.3 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Cookie: wp-settings-2=editor%3dhtml%26urlbutton%3dfile%26librarycontent%3d Connection: keep-alive 61

62 HTTP/ OK Date: Tue, 22 Oct :00:14 GMT Server: Apache X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.3 X-Pingback: Connection: close Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 62

63 ( ) <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " <html xmlns=" xml:lang="ja" lang="ja"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="content-style-type" content="text/css" /> <meta http-equiv="content-script-type" content="text/javascript" /> <title> </title> <meta name="description" content=" " /> <meta name="keywords" content=",,,tokyo Institute of Technology,TOKYO TECH,,,,,, " /> <meta name="verify-v1" content="2e/g2jawgra7litr726jnti2torhz0dw75jz14wosya=" /> <meta property="og:image" content=" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/reb2012/common/css/cmn_layout.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/reb2012/common/css/cmn_style.css" media="all" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/img/favicon.ico" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/reb2012/common/js/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/reb2012/common/js/common.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/reb2012/common/js/liquidimg.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq []; _gaq.push([ _setaccount, UA ]); _gaq.push([ _setdomainname, titech.ac.jp ]); 63

64 _gaq.push([ _setallowlinker, true]); _gaq.push([ _trackpageview ]); (function() { var ga = document.createelement( script ); ga.type = text/javascript ; ga.async = true; ga.src = ( https: == document.location.protocol? : ) +.google-analytic var s = document.getelementsbytagname( script )[0]; s.parentnode.insertbefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getelementsbytagname(s)[0]; if (d.getelementbyid(id)) return; js = d.createelement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/ja_jp/all.js#xfbml=1"; fjs.parentnode.insertbefore(js, fjs); }(document, script, facebook-jssdk ));</script> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="headertop" class="clearfix"> <h1 id="hd_logo"><a href="/"><img src="/reb2012/common/img/logo01.gif" width="230" height="75" alt=" " /></a></h1> <div id="hd_lang" class="clearfix"> <ul class="clearfix"> <li><a href="/"><img src="/reb2012/common/img/btn_lang01_on.gif" width="40" height="23" alt=" 64

65 " /></a></li> <li><a href="/english/"><img src="/reb2012/common/img/btn_lang02_no.gif" width="40" height="23" alt="e </ul> </div> <div id="hd_search"> <p class="tit"><img src="/reb2012/common/img/tit_serch01.gif" alt=" " width="69" height="20" / <form action=" id="cse-search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value=" :dqlkmknbecu" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="forid:10" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="utf-8" /> <p class="txt"><input type="text" name="q" value="" maxlength="300" /></p> <p class="icon"><input type="image" name="sa" src="/reb2012/common/img/icon_serch01.gif" alt=" " />< </form> <script type="text/javascript" src=" </div> </div> <div id="contentstop"> <div id="leftarea" class="png"> <div id="gnavitop"> <ul> <li id="gnavtop01"><a href="/main.html"> </a></li> <li id="gnavtop02"><a href="/prospect/"> </a></li> <li id="gnavtop03"><a href="/enrolled/"> </a></li> <li id="gnavtop04"><a href="/alumni/"> </a></li> <li id="gnavtop05"><a href="/company/"> </a></li> <li id="gnavtop06"><a href="/public/"> </a></li> 65

66 </ul> </div> <ul class="topbanner"> <li><a href="/admission/colleger/request.html"><img src="/reb2012/img/ban_top01_no.jpg" width="200" he " class="over" /></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="rightarea"> <p><a href="/admission/introduction/category3.html"><img src=" 3 " width="1600" height="912" /></a></p> </div> </div> <div id="footertop" class="clearfix"> <ul id="ft_social" class="clearfix"> <li class="tweet"><a href=" class="twitter-share-button" data-url=" <li class="fb"><div class="fb-like" data-href=" data-send="false" data-layout=" </ul> <p id="ft_copyright">copyright 2012Tokyo Institute of Technology. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </body> </html> 66

67 8 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) SMTP MTA MTA ( ) MUA (Mail User Agent) ( Outlook, Thunderbird) MUA MTA SMTP MUA MTA POP POP MTA MTA (MX ) SMTP (Linux) 67

68 telnet mx1.mail.yahoo.co.jp 25 Trying Connected to mx1.mail.yahoo.co.jp. Escape character is ^]. 220 mta303.mail.ogk.yahoo.co.jp ESMTP YSmtp service ready HELO goat.ide.titech.ac.jp 250 mta303.mail.ogk.yahoo.co.jp MAIL FROM: 250 sender ok RCPT TO: 250 recipient ok DATA 354 go ahead To: Subject: testtest From: kougino test. 250 ok dirdel QUIT 221 mta303.mail.ogk.yahoo.co.jp Connection closed by foreign host. 68

69 9 FTP File Transfer Protocol 9.1 FTP anonymous FTP ( FTP) ( ) ASCII ( ) Binary ( ) SFTP (secure FTP) 69

70 9.2 FTP FTP login (SYN) (NAT firewall) 70

71 9.3 FTP login IP 3. IP NAT firewall 71

72 Windows IP DNS (Domain Name Server) 72

73 73

74 74

75 75

76 76

77 77

78 78

79 79

80 10.2 telnet Windows 7 Windows Telnet OK 80

1 Linux UNIX-PC LAN. UNIX. LAN. UNIX. 1.1 UNIX LAN. 1.2 Linux PC Linux. 1.3 studenta odd kumabari studentb even kumabari studentc odd kumabari student

LAN 0000000000 6/6, 6/13, 6/20 1 Linux UNIX-PC LAN. UNIX. LAN. UNIX. 1.1 UNIX LAN. 1.2 Linux PC Linux. 1.3 studenta odd kumabari studentb even kumabari studentc odd kumabari studentd even kumabari 1: LAN