Whyte 1952 rationalized conformity Whyte Cartwright & Zander 1953 Janis 1972 Whyte 1952 Irving Janis Charlotte Janis Janis Janis, 1972, 1982 Janis 198
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1 Janis 1972, 1982 groupthink group think groupthink p t Janis 1982 Janis, 1982, p. 9Janis 1982 George Orwell doublethink crimethink thought crime Janis doublethink crimethink Orwell Janis 1972, 1982 J. F. Janis 1952 Janis Whyte 1952 Whyte Whyte
2 Whyte 1952 rationalized conformity Whyte Cartwright & Zander 1953 Janis 1972 Whyte 1952 Irving Janis Charlotte Janis Janis Janis, 1972, 1982 Janis 1982 Charotte Orwell Whyte Janis 1982 J. F. F. D. H. S. L. B R. M.
3 Janis 1982 J. F G. C. Sorensen F. D. D. R. M. CIA CIA A. D. R. L. A. R. CIA CIA Bay of Pigs Bahia de Cochinos
4 CIA CIA Janis 1982 OBSERVABLE CONSEQUENCES Janis, 1982.
5 collective rationalization Janis 1982 Janis 1982 F. D. Janis 1982 Janis 1982 DC
6 F. D. H. E. F. D. C. H. L. F. H. E. W. W. W. W. S. face-to-face C.
7 J. B. H. E. H. M. E. most all W. F.
8 W. S. in group R. M. Colodny & Gettlin, 1991Huldeman&DiMona, 1978Woodward, 2005 R. M. DC J. W. CIA M. H. CIA J. D. H. R. J. N. C. G. G. FBI G. S. J. N. J. W. J. S.
9 A. A. P. G. R. L. Janis 1982 Raven 1974 Raven 1974
10 Raven, Raven 1974 Cartwright 1969 Raven 1998 Janis 1972, 1982 Raven 1994, 1998
11 Raven 1998 runaway norm Raven Raven Stoner, 1961 group polarization Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969 Raven 1998 p. ix J. F. F. D. R. M. Janis Janis Raven
12 J. F. U2 J. F. CIA J Excom R. Excom J. F. Janis 1982 Janis Raven Baron 2005 Janis Baron social identificationsalient normlow self efficacy
13 Lewis 1981 Orwell p. 140 groupthink Whyte Whyte, 1952, p. 146 Baron, R. S So right it s wrong: Groupthink and the ubiquitous nature of polarized group decision making. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, Cartwright, D The nature of group cohesiveness. In Cartwright, D. & Zander, A. Eds. Group dynamics: Research and theory. 3 rd ed. pp New York: Harper & Row. D. A. A. Cartwright, D. & Zander, A. Eds Group dynamics: Research and theory. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson. L. R. Colodony, L. & Gettlin, R Silent coup; The removal of a president. New York: St. Martin s. H. R. J. Haldeman, H. R. & DiMona, J The end of power. New York: The New York Times Books.. pp Janis, I. L Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Janis, I. L Janis, I. L Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. 2 nd ed.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. P. Lewis, P George Orwell: The road to London: Quixote Press JFK G. Morgenstern,G Pear Harbor: The story of the secret war. New York: Devin- Adar. G. Orwell, G Nineteen
14 eighty-four. London: Secker & Wauburg. Raven, B. H The Nixon group. Journal of Social Issues, 30, Raven, B. H Groupthnk: Bay of Pigs and Watergate reconsidered. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73, T. C. Sorensen, T. C Kennedy. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 207 Whyte, W. H., Jr Groupthink. Fortune, March, 1952, pp , p. 142, & p B. Woodward, B The secret man: The story of Watergate s Deep Throught. New York: Simon Schuster.
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