観光における虚構性の研究

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1 I Isao Ogawa / / www. hikoneshi.com/jp/castle spring / No.403

2 Authenticity Boorstin Pseudo-event 5 Authenticity Trilling 1972 MacCannell, Dean staged authenticity 7 BONSAI 4 17 p12 5 Trilling, Lionel 1972, Sincerity and Authenticity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University PressTrilling MacCannell, Dean 1973, Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.79, No.3, pp Kiyo_77_Tanaka. 189

PressTrilling 1972 6 MacCannell, Dean 1973, Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings,

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14 Study of Fictitiousness in Tourism Pseudo-Tourism from a Tourism-Sociological Viewpoint Isao Ogawa The author broke down and examined several aspects of the Westernized concept of authenticity in tourism practices, a concept that essentially differs from Japan s traditional view. As far back as the Edo era, Japanese tourists have preferred trips that require less labor, fewer resources and lower cost, even though such trips are far from an authentic experience. The fundamental principle of pseudo-travel underlying this trend is characterized by a fictitiousness that is completely contrary to authenticity. In times when various constraints made it impossible to visit distant, sacred places, including temples and shrines in Kyoto and Ise as well as Mount Fuji, community groups invited the branches of those temples and shrines and erected miniature Mount Fujis in their towns. The ruling classes created gardens that replicated scenic sites in Kyoto and Omi Province, so they could look out and feel as if in a mountain hut in the city while enjoying a tea ceremony. Common folk contemplated their Bonsai trees and imagined massive trees deep in the mountains. And people who for health reasons were unable to make the pilgrimage to the Ise Grand Shrine sent their dogs instead. All of these people gave up journeying to faraway places and settled for shorter, less expensive trips to closer destinations. Amid this trend, neighborhood quasi- hot spring spas were built so that people did not have to travel over a long distance to authentic hot spring facilities and stay for days. With the advent of rail transportation, introduced from the West to Japan during the Meiji and Taisho eras, the country made do with narrow gauge railways, and unwillingly people used humanpowered trains and light railways that were cheaper with lower specifications to visit temples, shrines and other tourist sites. Nearby amusement parks featured rides that imitated expensive rail travel to give families a taste. Lately, theme parks recreating the sense of visiting a foreign country have cropped up throughout Japan, providing people with opportunities to experience a pseudo-trip abroad. Interestingly enough, visitors in the big theme parks buy a lot of souvenirs to share their experience with their neighbors. Not knowing how to relax, Japanese workers do not use their paid holidays in full, nor have the custom of going on long trips. This is probably why Japanese people are easily satisfied with very short trips. Thus it is questionable to conduct a historical analysis of Japanese tourism based solely on the Western concept of authenticity that significantly differs from that of Japan. Study of Fictitiousness in Tourism Isao Ogawa 201

As far back as the Edo era, Japanese tourists have preferred trips that require less labor, fewer resources and lower cost, even though such trips are far from an authentic experience.

千葉県における温泉地の地域的展開

千葉県における温泉地の地域的展開 1) 1999 11 50 1948 23) 2 2519 9 3) 2006 4) 151 47 37 1.2 l 40 3.6 15 240 21 9.2 l 7. 210 1972 5) 1.9 l 5 1 0.2 l 6 1 1972 1.9 0.4 210 40-17- 292006 34 6 l/min.42 6) 2006 1 1 2006 42 60% 5060 4050 3040