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1 , ﾀ縺ﾀｨｬ He: 縺 PACS number: ﾀz ( , ) 縺ｨ , , ﾁ , , ﾁ , ｨ , , ｨｨ , ﾁ , ｨ 0500ｨﾁ , , ｨｨｨ 0002, , , , , He ｨｬｨ , ｨ ( 6 %) He He , , " " He ﾀ He ﾁｨ, ｨ , ｨﾁﾁ , , , , ｨ He ﾁ , ; ｨﾁﾁｨｨ縺 (Douglas D. Osheroff). Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California , USA 閨ｨ , , , ! He ﾀ , ｨ [1] , He! ﾀ , He ﾁｨ , , ｨｨ He ｨ , S solid R ln ｨﾁｨﾁｨ , ｨ , ﾁｨ. ﾀ , ｨ , ﾁ000807, ﾁ [2]. 縺ﾀ , , P melt ｭV solid 1 7 V liquid , , ? ﾁ , ｨ [3], ｨ , ｨｨ , , ( ﾁ # The Nobel Foundation 1997 # ﾀｨｬ , " ﾁ " 1997

2 縺縺05 [ ) ｨ , [4] , , ﾁ , Ph.D ｨ , , ｨﾀ , ｨｨ , , ｨｨ , , ﾁ , He, ﾁ050400, He, ｨﾁ000800, ﾁ , , , ﾁﾁ , He ﾁ0504, , ﾁ , He ﾁﾁ050400, , ; ｨﾁ , , , , [5], ｨｨﾁﾁ , ﾁ He ｨｨ 0105ｨﾁﾁﾁﾁ , ｨｨﾀ He [6], ﾁ F a 1, 09c ｨ , , ｨ , , ｨ ; , , ｨ. 06ｨ , He, , ｨ 0905, ｨ [7] ﾁ , He ﾁｨﾁﾁｨ Be 05 Cu ﾁ Pt Be 05 Cu He 3 He ﾀ , He. ｧ He ﾁ0504, ｨﾁ , ｨ 3 He ( [11].) ﾁ , ﾀ , ﾁ He ﾀ

3 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺ｨｨ , , ｨ, , ｨﾁﾁ050109, , ﾁ , , , [8] ｨｨｨ , , ( ) ( ) , ｨ , , ｨ , ﾀ , , He , , ｨ , He, [9] ｨ , ｨ He ｨｨ , , ｨ [10] ｨｨｨﾁ , , , ｨ , , ﾀｨ , ｨ , ﾁ He , ﾁ , , ｨｬ , , , ｨ ,6 0301, , ｨﾁ He ﾁ , ｨ , " ", ｨﾁ , ｨ , ｨ , , , % ﾁ000807, ｨ , , , ｨ 02 12: : ｨ, , , , ｨ , , ｨ , " ", , ｨ /50 000! 05 ｨ , , ﾁｨｨｨｬｨﾁ A , ｨ A , ｨｬﾀｨｬ

4 縺縺05 [ ﾁ He? ｨｨ , ﾀ , , , ｨｨﾁ , , ﾁﾁ000805, % ｨｨﾁﾁ000807, ﾁ ! B , A- 09 B ｨﾁ He A , ｨ A , , , , B ｨ B , ｨ , , ｨ , ｨ , , ﾁｨ. 06 ｨ , 09 ｨｨ , , ｨﾁ " ", ｨｬ " ", " " 02 A , 00 " " ｨｬ 02 B ｨﾁ , A- 09 B , , A , A " " " " , ﾀ , ﾁｨｨｨ , , A ﾁ , ﾁｨ , ｨﾁﾁｨ , A- 09 B , , , , ﾁ , ｨｨ , , , ﾁ , , ｨ , 縺 , , , A ; ｨ , ｨ , , , , ｨ A , , ｨ A , , , A , , ﾁ

5 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺ｨ , , , , ｨｨｨ , ｨ , He A , ｨｨｬ He, , ｨ 3 He 02 1: ｨｨ縺 , ｨ , : " , !" , , He , He! ｨ , , A- 09 B ﾁｨ, ｨﾁｨｨ , ｨ , Physical Review Letters ｨ, ｨ " ﾁ He" [11] , He , He ｨｨｨｨ , ｨ "Stycast 1266", ｨ "304" , ｨﾁﾁ , , ﾁﾁ , ﾀ , , ﾁ02ｨ , , ｨ , 18 ﾁ ( ) 02 23: : " ﾀｨ 3 He ｨｬ !" ( , ｨ !) 0700 ﾁ , , ; ｨ , , , ｨｨｨ , He , , * ｨ 0007, ﾁ , ｨ , ﾁ , ﾁ ; ｨｨ閨 , , ｨ , , ? " " ( ) ﾀﾁ , ｨ ( ) , ｨ , ｨﾁ , , ｨ, ﾁ , , ﾁｨ A He ﾁ ; , , ﾁ , =T ｨ , He A , 09, , ﾁ , , ｨ , A ﾁ , A A , ｨﾁ , ｨｨｨ , ｨｨ He , , , , ﾁ , ｨ , ( ) , ｨ , , , ｨｨﾁｨ He

6 縺縺05 [ , ｨ 0808, ｨ ! He ﾀﾀ , ﾁ000807, He, ｨ ( ) ｨ , , , ｨﾁ縺 , ｨ , ｨﾁｨｨ , He ｨ , , ｨ , , , ﾁ , , 0408ｨ , ｨｨ, ｨ , ! , ｨ , , ｨ Physical Review Letters, ｨﾁﾁ閨 , A ( , , ﾁ- ﾁ0507) ｨ , ( ｨ , , ﾁ ), , ｨ , , ! , , ｨ, , , ｨ , ﾁ , ﾁﾁｨ, ﾁ A 縺 , , ｨ , ｨｬ %, ﾁ000807, B ﾀｨ , , ﾁ000807, ｨﾁ , B , ｨﾁ ( ) ﾁ ( ) B 縺ﾁ B , ｨ B , : ﾁ B , ｨｨ ! , ｨ : "2: ﾁﾁ , B 09 B 0, ｨ He , , ﾁ000807" , ｨ, ｨ , , , 縺 , ﾁ , ｨ , ﾀﾁ ( ), 09 06ｨｨ , , A ﾁ000805, 0605ｨ , , He , B

7 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺ﾁﾁ0909, , ﾀｨ , ﾁ , , , B , , , , B , A- 09 B- ﾁｨ : , ｨ , ｨｨﾁﾁ , ｨ , 縺 , , , ｨｨｨ , ﾁ , ( ｨ ) ﾁﾁｨ 0900 ﾁﾁ09ｨﾀ縺ｨｨ , ｨｨ , ｨ縺 , , " " ﾁﾁ He ｨ 0002, , A , , : A ｨﾁ縺ﾁ , , B , ｨ ! ﾁﾁｨ ; ｨｨｨ : A 閨 o ｨｨ , ｨﾀｨ , ｨ, ｨ "0609 ﾁ ": ｭn liquid ｭn larmor 6 9 2, , n larmor ｨｬ A 閨ｨ , ｨ縺ｨｨ , ｨ, 閨ｨｬﾁﾀ , ｨｨ A- 09 B , , ｨ Physical Review Letters ｨ , ﾀ

8 縺縺05 [ ﾀﾁ A ﾀﾀﾁ , ﾁ0902ｨﾁ , , , , ｨ 0905, ﾁ : " (PRL (1972)) , ｨ, , ｨ, , ｨｨ, ". 縺ｨ , , Physical Review Letters, , , , [12] , , ﾁﾁﾁｨ , , , , , ｨﾁﾁ , ｨ p ﾁ , ﾁ , ｨ ! ｨｨﾀｨ , , He, ｨｨｨｨ , ? ? ﾁ000807? A- 09 B- ﾁ0008? ｨｨ ? ? ﾁ ? , [13] ｨ " ｨ " , , , 0405 ｧ [14] , A- ﾁ , ﾀｨ ?

9 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺ﾀｨ , , ｨ He [15] [16] , ｨ , , , , , A- ﾁ He ﾁ [17] , ｨ , L 0ｷ3 1, S 0ｷ3 1, J 0ｷﾁｨ B- ﾁ He, 00 ﾁ , , , ｨ [18] ｨｨﾁ000805, ﾁｨｨ 00 [19] , ﾁﾁ He ｨ L, , , ｨ , , , ﾁ000807, ｨ [20]. 縺 , ﾁﾁｨｨ , , He, , ﾁｨｨ縺 , A- ﾁ , ; B- ﾁｨ , ｨ , ﾁ He , ﾁ , , ﾀ縺 , , , , ﾁ , ｨ 0905, 01 09ｨ 02ｨ ( ) ｨ A ﾀｨ A- 09 B- ﾁﾁ , 0405 ｨﾁｨｨ A , ｨｨ. ﾀ , ｨ : ｨ B- ﾁ , , [13], A- ﾁ000805, ｨ , , ｨ " " ( ) ｨ 0905, ﾁｨｨ , ｨｨ , ｨ , ｨﾁ d, , l , , A- ﾁ d l. ﾀ d ｨ, ｨ , d ｨ B , d 09 l B A- ﾁ [21]. x z B S ^d ^l B 01 y x ^d z B 0 6ｦ0 b 1 ｭt A- ﾁ000805: (00) ﾁｨｨ , m s l ｨ ; (01) S B, , d ｨ B1 7l ; (02) ｨ b 1 ｭt ｨ, z , ｨ d xy ^l ^d ^l 02 y

10 縺縺05 [ ｨ B , ｨ B, ｨ B ｨ , d, " " , ｨ , B, d , l, B. 縺 , ｨ B, 0905 d , B, ﾀ d ｨ , ｨｨ 0500ｨ縺 d , B. 縺 , , ﾀ05ｨ , , ｨ A- ﾁ , 0905 ｭn longitudinal ｷ3 ｭn liquid ｭn larmor 6 9 2, n liquid ｨｬ , ｨ A- ﾁ縺0908ｨ閨ｨ , , ｨ , , , 縺 , , ｨﾁ , , [22], , , A- ﾁ , [23] ｨｨ縺ﾁ B- ﾁ ( ). B- ﾁｨｬｨ c J 0ｷ [21], ｨｨﾁｨｨ , ｨｨ , cos 1 71 ｭ1 71=46 9 ' n. 05 ｨ m s 0ｷｨｨ, 09, ﾁ , , w B T 0ｷ / , [18] , ｨ 09 ｨ / ﾁ , ｨｨ, w B , 縺ﾁ ( ) ｨ B- ﾁ000807, , , [24]. ﾀ [25] w B, , ﾀ , B- ﾁｨ p- 09 d B- ﾁ000807, ｨ : , ﾁ000805, , , ｨﾁ B- ﾁｨｨﾁﾁｨ , ｨﾀ , n ｨ 01 B , sin 2 y, y ｨｬ B 09 n n jj B, ｨｨｨ, ｨ 0500ｨ m s 0ｷ [21] , , , ﾁｨ B- ﾁｨｨ B- ﾁ000807, ( ,1 0702), ｨｨ , ｨ, [22] ｨ B- ﾁ [26, 27]; [28] ｨ 09, B- ﾁｨ 09 ｨ 0905, , A 05 B , ﾀｧ0504 [29] , ｨ閨 , , , 02 A- ﾁ , [30] , B- ﾁ , ｨｨ , , n

11 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺ｨ ( ) ｨﾁ0503, A- ﾁ000805, ｨﾁﾁﾀｨｨﾁｨ B- ﾁ [31, 32] ｨ , B- ﾁ000807, [33], , , A- ﾁ [34] B- ﾁ , n, B- ﾁ000807; B- ﾁ [35], ｨ , A- ﾁｨｨ , , ｨ He , 09 ﾁ , , , , , B , B- ﾁﾁ , 閨 , ｨ, ｨﾁﾁｨ A- ﾁｨ [36] ｨ, ｨ , ｨ A 1 - ﾁ , A ﾀ , ｨ , , , ﾁ A 1 - ﾁﾁｨｨﾁ000805, d ｭn 2 liquid 1 7 n2 larmor 6 9= dt, ｨ A- ﾁ , A 1 - ﾁ閨02, , , ﾁ , ｨ , ｨｨ He , ｨ , ,1 閨閨 , , ,188, , ｨ , ｨ A 1 - ﾁｨ , ｨﾁ A- 09 B- ﾁ , ﾁｨ [37] ｨ, ｨｨｨ , ｨ 0500ｨ A 1 - ﾁ , ｨｨ, ｨｨ [38, 39]. ﾀ , ｨ A 1 - ﾁ , ﾁｨ [40] , L 0ｷ3 3 (f ) A 1 - ﾁ , , , A- 09 B- ﾁ f ﾁ閨 , ｨ , " " ﾁ , ｨ , , , , He ｨｨｨ He, , ｨ , ｨｨ, ｨｨ B- ﾁｨ [27] ｨ , A- ﾁ000805, , , , [41]. 縺 , B- ﾁﾀ , ｭ104 1;56 9, ｨ [42] , ｨｨ

12 縺縺05 [ , ｨｨｨ , ｨ , ｨ , , , 縺 , , [44] ﾁ [45] ｨ , ｨｬ 02 Physical Review Letters ｨｨ , , , , , ｨ " k", , ﾁ [42, 46]. 閨ｨ [47], [48] B- ﾁ000805, ｨ , ｨﾁﾁｨ , , , ﾁ縺ｨ " ｨ " B- ﾁｨｨ , ｨｨ , , [49] , ﾁ He; ｨｨ閨 [50], , ﾀｨｨ He, , T c, ｨ , , 閨ｨｨ , , ﾀ [51] ｨ , , ,4 0702, ﾁ000800, , ﾁｨ [52], ﾁ , ﾁ000805, ﾁｨ閨 , , He [53], [54] ﾁ , , ｨ, ｨ , 06ｨ 0409ｨｨ , , ｨ , ﾁﾁ , , ｨｨ : , [55] , ｨﾁ " ", R2D ｨﾁｨﾁ "U2D2", "up 2, down 2" He ｨ , ｨ, , ｨ , , ｨ , ｨ [56] , , ｨﾁ He, ｨｨﾀｧ (1950) Richardson R C Les Prix Nobel ﾁﾀｧ (1965) 4. Sites J R, Osheroff D D, Richardson R C, Lee D M Phys. Rev. Letts (1969) 5. Leggett A J, Rice M J Phys. Rev. Lett (1968); (1968); Leggett A J J. Phys. C (1970) 6. Corruccini L R, Osheroff D D, Lee D M, Richardson R C Phys. Rev. Lett (1971) 7. Johnson R T, Rapp R E, Wheatley J C J. Low Temp. Phys (1971) 8. Osheroff D D Ph.D. Thesis (New York, lthaca: Cornell University, 1973) (unpublished) 9. Johnson R T et al. J. Low Temp. Phys (1970) 10. Straty G C, Adams E D Rev. Sci. Instrum (1969) 11. Osheroff D D, Richardson R C, Lee D M Phys. Rev. Lett (1972) 12. Osheroff D D, Gully W J, Richardson R C, Lee D M Phys. Rev. Letts (1972) 13. Leggett A J Phys. Rev. Lett (1973) 14. Ambegaokar V, de Gennes P G, Rainer D Phys. Rev. A (1974)

13 , 02 12] He: 縺ﾀ縺 , , Wheatley J C, The London Prize Lecture, Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Low Temp. Phys. 5 6 (1975) (Eds M Krusius, M Vuorio) (Amsterdam: North Holland) Anderson P W, Morel P Phys. Rev (1961) 17. Balian R, Werthamer N R Phys. Rev (1963); ｨ , ﾁ , : c01. ﾀ ( ) (03.: 閨 , 1963) Leggett A J Phys. Rev. Lett (1965) 19. Layzer A, Fay D Int. J. Mag (1971) 20. Anderson P W, Brinkman W F Phys. Rev. Lett (1973); Brinkman W F, Serene J, Anderson P W Phys. Rev. A (1974) 21. Leggett A J Ann. Phys (1974) 22. Osheroff D D, Brinkman W F Phys. Rev. Lett (1974) 23. Gully W J, Gould C, Richardson R C, Lee D M J. Low Temp. Phys (1976) 24. Paulson D N, Johnson R T, Wheatley J C Phys. Rev. Lett (1973) 25. Ahonen A I et al. Phys. Lett. A (1975) 26. Ahonen A I, Krusius M, Paalanen M A J. Low Temp. Phys (1976) 27. Corruccini L R, Osheroff D D Phys. Rev. Lett (1975) 28. Hahn I, Boyd S T P, Bozler H M, Gould C M J. Low Temp. Phys (1995) de Gennes P G Phys. Lett. A (1973) 30. Brinkman W F, Smith H, Osheroff D D, Blount E I Phys. Rev. Lett (1974) 31. Osheroff D D, Engelsberg S, Brinkman W F, Corruccini L R Phys. Rev. Lett (1975) 32. Ahonen A I et al. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 8 L269 (1975) 33. Osheroff D D, van Roosbroeck W, Smith H, Brinkman W F Phys. Rev. Lett (1977) 34. Hakonen P J, Ikkala O T, Islander S T Phys. Rev. Lett (1982) 35. Osheroff D D Phys. Rev. Lett (1974) : Lounasmaa O V Contemp. Phys (1974); Wheatley J C Rev. Mod. Phys (1975); Leggett A J Rev. Mod. Phys (1975); : Vollhardt D, Wo06 lfle P The Superfluid Phases of Helium 3 (London: Taylor and Francis, 1990) 37. Osheroff D D, Anderson P W Phys. Rev. Lett (1974) 38. Corruccini L R, Osheroff D D Phys. Rev. Lett (1980) 39. Ruel R, Kojima H Phys. Rev. B RC (1983); Jiang Q, Kojima H J. Low Temp. Phys (1992) 40. Mermin N D Phys. Rev. Lett (1975); Mermin N D Phys. Rev. B (1976) 41. Osheroff D D, Corruccini L R Phys. Lett. A (1975) 42. Osheroff D D, Corruccini L R, in Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Low Temp. Phys. Vol. I (Eds M Krusius, M Vuorio) (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1975) p Brinkman W F, Smith H Phys. Lett. A (1975) 44. Fomin I A J. Low Temp. Phys (1978) 45. Corruccini L R, Osheroff D D Phys. Rev. Lett (1975) 46. Osheroff D D Quantum Fluids and Solids (Eds S B Trickey, E D Adams, J W Duffy) (New York: Plenum Press, 1977) p , , , ﾀｧ (1985) ﾀｧ (1985) 49. Leggett A J Rev. Mod. Phys (1975); Wheatley J C Rev. Mod. Phys (1975); Anderson P W, Brinkman W F Physics of Liquid and Solid Helium Part II (Eds K H Bennemann, J B Ketterson) (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978) 177; Lee D M, Richardson R C Physics of Liquid and Solid Helium Part II (Eds K H Bennemann, J B Ketterson) (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978) p Halperin W P et al. Phys. Rev. Lett (1974) 51. Kummer R B et al. Phys. Rev. Lett (1975) 52. Delrieu J M, Roger M, Hetherington J H J. Phys. (Paris) 41 C7-231 (1978) 53. Adams E D, Schubert E A, Haas G E, Bakalyar D M Phys. Rev. Lett (1980) 54. Osheroff D D, Cross M C, Fisher D S Phys. Rev. Lett (1980) 55. 縺 He: Osheroff D D "Magnetic Properties of Solid Helium Three" J. Low Temp. Phys (1992) 56. Feng Y P, Schiffer P, Osheroff D D Phys. Rev. B (1994)

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縺05, 縺05 縺 [ : ﾁ

縺05, 縺05 縺 [ : ﾁ 1306050100010708 2006 03. 070503 176, 02 12 0806 ﾀ07 09 090908090107060109 04030801 縺0408 縺0505 030107080302060405 ﾀ05 縺04020703 0702050109070504090100 090504010901 0802050502 040907050105080504040701

縺 縺05 [ )

縺縺05 [ )