閨 [

Transcription

1 , ﾀ 縺0408 縺 ﾀ05 縺 ｨ ｨ (060). ﾀ , ｨ ﾀ ﾁ ｨ , ｨ " " ﾀ , ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ " " ﾀ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ PACS number: Mq (63) (64) (64). 4. 縺 , ｨ (66) 縺 (7) 縺 ｨ 縺 ｨ (81) ｨ (85) (85) , ｨ , , , , (095) (095) [email protected] [1] , ｨ (060), ｨ, ｨ ｨ , (0803. [ 05 1]) ｨ (0808) 060; " ", , ｨ , [11, 1], : ｨ [1], ｨ , [13] ｨ , , ｨ , ﾁ , [14] , ｨ ｨ ｨ 0904 ﾁ ｨ 05 ﾁ , , , ｨ [35], ﾁ 縺 ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ , , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ050905ｨ ﾀ05ｨ ｨ [1]. #

2 閨 [ , [, 13] , ﾁ ｨ ｨ ﾀ [3] ﾁ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ : c , ｨ , ｨ , ﾁ y , , , (single bubble sonoluminescence) , , ｨ ｨ ｨ 08 " ", ﾀ05ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , , 09, , 縺 ｨ ｨ , ｨ , , ｨ U. ﾀ U 縺 , T [4] ( , ), [5] , ｨ , ｨ ｨ, ｨ ( , ) U , p h ( ) , ; [5] p h , [4, 9], [6] ( ﾁ [7]): ( 閨0 [ ]), ( 閨0 [ ]) ( 閨0 [4, 9]) U, U, T 1, K ﾁ [3], [33, 34] , [15, 16], , [17] [18] [19] [8], T pl , ｨ ｨ [14] [0] , ｨ [1], [1, 0] ｨ : Xe>Kr>Ar>Ne>He>H , , CS, Br, CH 3 I, CCl 4 [14] ｨ , p h, 10 5 ﾀ ｨ ｨ ﾁ [36, 37]. ﾀ0709 ｨ ﾁ , ｨ ｨ ｨ [8] ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ , Xe, Kr, Ar, O 閨 ｨ , [38, 39], [33] : DT max, U (00): 閨0 ( , ) DT max ( , 4) (01): : 1 ｨｬ 0,8; ｨｬ 1,6; 3 ｨｬ,4; 4 ｨｬ 3,

3 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ) H O ; 4) : H6ｦ0OH!H O ｭB6 9! H... OH... M07!H O6ｦ0M6ｦ0hn : U, U, U, l, ) H O * ; ) ｨ OH * : H O ｭB6 9! H 6ｦ0 OH ｭ S 6ｦ0 6 9! H O 6ｦ0 OH ｭX6 9 6ｦ0 hn , 310, 318, ; ,6 767,8 773,0 6 l, l, : (00) ｨｬ , : 1 ｨｬ 閨0, ; ｨｬ 閨0, ; 3 ｨｬ 閨0, Xe; 4 ｨｬ 閨0, Xe [8]; 5 ｨｬ 閨0, Ar [6]; 6 ｨｬ ｨ [156]; 7 ｨｬ , ( % Ar) [33]; (01) ｨｬ NaCl; (0) ｨｬ KCl ｨ , , ｨｬ ﾀ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ [40] ( , ). 縺 ｨｬ , NO 3, ｨ OH* H O *. ﾀ0709 ｨ ｨ ｨｬ [41, 4] ｨ ｨ ｨ , NaCl 閨0 D Na , ｨ ﾀ 閨 D , [8] ( 0;8 0403) ｨ ( , 0) [43, 44] [45] ｨ NaCl D Na ｨ , NaCl, ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ000805, ｨ [46]; ｨ [47] ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ｨ MX ｨ MX! DE M 6ｦ0 X ; M!M 6ｦ0 hn m : ｭ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ , [48], ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ [48] , ｨ 09

4 閨 [ [9, 30], [51] [9, 30, 5] ｨ ｨ ( ), C ｭd 3 P g 05 a 3 P u 6 9, ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [9, 30] ﾁ ｨ , ｨ , , , ,6, 516,5, 473,7, 438, d 3 P g! 3 P u c Dn 0ｷ3 1, 0, 1, 縺 , [150] , [177] ｨ , ﾀ0709 ｨ , , ｨ , ｨ 閨0709 ﾁ [56], H, OH, [57] ｨ ｨ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ , , ｨ , , , [4] [58] , 縺 , [59], ｨ ﾀ (05 ﾀ), ｨ [4, 60, 61] rr 6ｦ0 3 _r 6ｦ0 1 p 1 p v p g 6ｦ0 s r r 6ｦ0 4m_r 0ｷ3 0 ; ｭ6 9 r CH CO C r ｨｬ , r, s 09 m ｨｬ , , p 1 ｨｬ , p g 09 p v ｨｬ U, l, 0403 p 1 0ｷ3 p h p m sin ot ; p h 09 p m ｨｬ , o ｨｬ [4, 6], p g 6ｦ0 p v , r r, ﾁ p g 6ｦ0 p v 0ｷ3 p g0 6ｦ0 s 3g r0 6ｦ0 p s ; ｭ46 9 r 0 r ｭ : 1 ｨｬ , ; ｨｬ , ( 90 % Ar) [5]; 3 ｨｬ ｨ , Ar [30] g ｨｬ , p g0 09 p s ｨｬ T 1. ﾀ (3) 09 (4) 0 () (HH) 4. 縺 , ｨ ｨ : ｨ [55] ｨ ｨ " ", " " , , ｨ ｨ, , , 縺 , ｨ , 0 ﾁ " " ｨ , ｨ [9, 15], ｨ

5 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [4, 55]: rr 6ｦ0 3 _r 6ｦ0 1 p h p m sin ot p s 6ｦ0 s r r 6ｦ0 4m_r r p g0 6ｦ0 s 3g r0 0ｷ3 0 : ｭ56 9 r 0 r 縺 , ﾁ ﾀ , (4), T 1 ( , ). ﾀ [63] ﾀ , , ﾁ (4) , [63] , (4) ; ｨ 閨 , v kr, , : T 1 0ｷ3 393 K , [4, 168] R max f, f ｨｬ , 09, , R max 0ｷ f 0ｷ36 01 閨0, ﾀ05ｨ ｨ ﾀ v kr, ｨ , ﾀ05ｨ , [63, 14], ﾁ (4) p g 6ｦ0 p v , ｨ ﾁ : p g 6ｦ0 p v 0ｷ3 p g0 6ｦ0 s r 0 r0 R max 3 6ｦ0 p s R 3 max r 3 g ; ｨ p g min R max, p ad , ｨ 0404 (5), p ad 0ｷ3 p g min, ﾁ p ad 0ｷ3 p g min 6ｦ0 p s. ﾀ T max (6), (4), (5) T max T 1, ｨ ｨ ( , ) , [63] ｨ , " " ; , ｨ , [71], , , ﾁ , p s. ｭ [7, 14] , , ｨ ﾁ , ｨ ﾁ , ( ) , ﾁ p 0 p ad R 3 max r 3 b 3 1 gp ; p ad ﾁ (6), b 1 ｨｬ , , b 3 1 0ｷ3 3nb 4p ; b ｨｬ , n ｨｬ ﾀ g p ﾁ [14] g p 0ｷ3 g 6ｦ0 apn C V RT ｭ86 9 ( g ｨｬ , a ｨｬ , C V ｨｬ , R ｨｬ ) [14] , " " (p m < ) g p g , ｨ , ﾁ ｨ ﾁ , ｨ (5), ｨ ｨ [9]: rr 6ｦ0 3 _r 6ｦ0 1 p h p m sin ot 6ｦ0 s r r 6ｦ0 4m_r r R 3 g ｭp g min 6ｦ0 p s 6 9 max r 3 b 3 0ｷ3 0 : ｭ ﾀ , p ｭt6 9 hp m i, , [14] (9) =3 r min 0ｷ3 b 3 1 6ｦ0 R3 max ; ｭ106 9 A 1= ｭg A , A 0ｷ3 1 6ｦ0 p h 6ｦ0 hp m i ; ｭ p ad hp m i ｨｬ ( , p m ) ﾁ (10) ｨ , , ﾁ , ｭ76 9

6 閨 [ (10), A > A kr R max =b 1 ( ｨ ) [14] A kr ｨ : A 3 kr RT 1 p ad b : ｭ ﾁ (1) , T 1 0ｷ3 300 K R max, p ad 0ｷ , " " , ｨｬ [14] T max 09 p max ｨ ｨ , , , A < 3A kr =4 09 g 0ｷ3 4= _r max p 4 ad 3A=4 3r 1 6ｦ0 ｭ3A=4A kr ; ｭ136 9 = ｦ0 ｭ3A=4A kr = , A 4 A kr, _r max A3 kr ｭp h 6ｦ0 hp m i6 9 ; 3r ﾁ , ｨ , _r max < c ﾁ _r max 0ｷ3 c, ｨ [14] [147], " " ｨ , ｨｬ [4], [64], [ ] , , , ﾁ " " , ｨ , , 0405 ﾁ , ﾁ ｨ , ｨ , ｭ _T6 9 max K ﾁ , ｨ ﾁ , ﾁ [68, 69] ﾁ ﾁ ﾀ [70] ﾀ ( ()), r 0ｷ3 r ｭt6 9 6ｦ0 a ｭt6 9Y nm ｭy; j6 9 ; ｭ a ｭt6 9 ｨｬ ﾁ r ｭt ｨ ,Y nm ｭy; j6 9 ｨｬ 08 ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ : ja n =rj 5 1. 縺 (), r ﾁ (14), , ｨ , , , ｨ ｨ, [130] , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ (ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ), , [131], , ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ , ｨ , ｨ (Csd) ｨ , p Q 0ｷ3 e Csd ; ｭ e ｨｬ ｨ , C ｨｬ , s 09 d ｨｬ E 0ｷ3 4e r p p Cd ; ｭ r p ｨｬ , C 0ｷ , d 0ｷ r p 0ｷ E , E kr ﾀ00. 縺 [131] [13]

7 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 C 0ｷ (ｨ ; ｨ ) , p04=7 C H 6ｦ0 0ｷ E E kr , , , , 09 E d l , E ﾀ00, l d d ﾀ05ｨ , ｨｬ , [14] ｨ , ｨ [13], , , 09 E kr , ﾁ , , ｨ [133] , , , ｨ ﾀ ﾁ0008, ｨ ｨ [13], [133] ｨ : ｨ , 0409 ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , , , , ｨ ﾁ , , [14], ｨ [73, 13] , [133] ｨ ｨ [74], ｨ ( ) ｨ ｨ ( ) 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ 閨 , ｨ ｨ ｨ 0409 ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , ﾁ0008. 縺 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ﾀ ( ), , ｨ ﾁ , ｨ 縺 ﾁ ( ) ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ : ; 07ｨ , ; ｨ , [75]. ﾀ ﾁ ﾁ ﾀ0709 ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨｬ ﾀ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ( ), ﾁ : ( ) [68] ( ) [159] ; " " ( ) [76]; ( ) [77] ; ( ). 縺 " " ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ 0808, [78], ﾁ ( ) [79], [68] ﾀ [4] ﾁ [58] , 閨 ﾁ , , ｨ ﾁ : (00) 08 ﾁ ; (01, 0) [68]; (03) [68]; (04) [69]; (05) ｨ [76]; (07) , ﾁ [79]; (08) 閨0 [77]; (09)

8 閨 [ : [4, 9, 7, 74, 80, 81] ﾁ ( ) [85, 83] ( ). ﾀ ﾁ , x > x c (x c ｨｬ ) z x 0ｷ3 x c, x < x c ｨ ｨ , ( ), [74] I 0ｷ3 pee 0 z r { lm Dp ; ｭ e ｨｬ 0409ｨ , e 0 ｨｬ 0409ｨ , m ｨｬ 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , r { 09 l ｨｬ ﾁ ｨ [81] Dp 0ｷ3 s 6ｦ0 16 r { 3 p f ar r3 r 6ｦ0 1pma f r Q { r 6ｦ0 { 8p ee 0 r { l ; ｭ f 09 a ｨｬ , Q ｨｬ ｨ ﾁ (18) ｨ ｨ , , ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ 09 ﾁ ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ ｨ dq 0ｷ3 ｭI i6 9 dt ; ｭ ｨ i 4 Q ee 0 l 0 r { d ; d ｨｬ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , l 0 ｨｬ ｨ [81] ｨ ｨ : pee0 z dq 0ｷ3 sr { 6ｦ0 16 ml 3 p f arr 3 6ｦ0 1pmafr 6ｦ0 6ｦ0 zq 8pml 3 Q r { dt : ｭ06 9 ee 0 l 0 d ｨ [81] Q A C exp C t ; ｭ ｨ : A pee 0z sr { 6ｦ0 16 ml 3 p f arr 3 6ｦ0 1pmafr ; C 1 r { ee 0 l 0 d : ｨ , r { ｨ ｨ [81] E n 0ｷ3 Q ｭ06 9 pe 0 r : ｭ6 9 { ｨ ﾁ ( ). ﾀ , t 0ｷ " " Q ｭ06 9 0ｷ3 8; , , ｨ , hs ｭ06 9i 0ｷ3 ; ｨ ; ｨ ｨ ｨ (ee kr ), x R 1 V ｭx6 9 Q j ｭx6 9j 0 x c r04 R r04 E 04 E 04 r l Q ,

9 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 l eet=m e, m e ｨｬ ｨ , t ｨｬ ｨ [169] s m e l t pr 10t 10 : ee kr ﾀ0709 l 0ｷ E kr 0ｷ t pr , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ E kr , p 0ｷ3 p g 6ｦ0 p v, o00 00 ﾁ000807, T, d 0 (09009 p s ) ﾁ [84] E kr 0ｷ3 E 0 ｭp=p n 6 9 m ｭT=T n 6 9 n kr : ｭ36 9 K d K d 0;9, m 0ｷ3 n 0ｷ3 1, E 0 kr " " ｨ : ｨ p n 0ｷ , T n ｨ d 0 0ｷ 閨 ｨ E n 0ｷ31; , ｨ (E kr ) E kr p ( ), ｨ ｨ ﾁ0507. ﾀ0709 ｨ l r min , : l 5 r : 0605 ﾁ [8] 09, [83, 85, 87], ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ( ), ｨ [153]: 1) , ｨ ; ; ) , ( ) ; 縺 , , ｨ ｨ ﾀ U c, c > z, 0405, , , U z U 0 m p ｭb6 9z, m p ｭb6 9 ｨｬ 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [83] ﾁ ﾁ r p 5 r (x, z), ( O) , ﾁ : z 0ｷ3 ax, z ｨ O, ｨ dq 0ｷ3 s 0 ds 0400 ｨ ds, (x; z) [83] s 0 ds du 0 0ｷ3 p ; ｭ46 9 4pee 0 x 6ｦ0 z s 0 ｨｬ ﾀ O s U 0 0ｷ3 s0 p 1 6ｦ0 a ee 0 a r 1 0ｷ3 s0r! p H 1 6ｦ0 1 ; ee 0 H H ｨｬ , H 4 r p s 0 0ｷ3 ee 0zm p r p ; m p ｭH=r p 6 9 ｨｬ 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ E ｨｬ ( O) ｨｬ E p , ﾁ E c E d, O , H 4 r E d 5 E c E p. ﾀ05ｨ [83] E 0 E c 6ｦ0 E p ez 1 r 1 6ｦ0 ｭH=r6 9 6ｦ0 m p r : ｭ56 9 r p , , , r, r p 09 H, ｨ ｨ ｨ E c 09 E p 縺 , r p 09 r e , ( , 0), ｨｬ ｨｬ ﾁ (5) O ﾁ E c 0ｷ3 0. ﾀ05ｨ , , , , [83], ｨ ﾁ ｨ , , , ﾁ , ﾁ : p g 6ｦ0 p v 4 E 0 E kr 760 0ｷ3 r p 4; ｷ3 104 mm rt: st: 3 106

10 閨 [ , , , E 0 kr , , ﾁ ( ) , , p g 6ｦ0 p v 4 8; ﾁ ﾁ ｨ r { l ｨ , ｨ [85] ｨ [86]. ﾀ0709 ｨ ﾁ r { : U 0ｷ3 U ｭr { ｨ DU 0ｷ ｨ , (x; y; z) ﾁ000805, [85] E ｭr { ; d6 9 Qd 4pe 0 lr ; ｭ66 9 { d ｨｬ (x; y; z) (6) ｨ ﾀ [85] U 0ｷ3 Q p c r { ln c 6ｦ0 4pe 0 lc p c r { r { ｦ0 z : ｭ76 9 Q 0ｷ3 p ｭe 16 9e 0 lzk R 0 r ; ｭ K, ｨ : s 1 6ｦ0 4 ｭR 0 K 0ｷ3 r { 6 9 R 0 l : [85], E max 0ｷ3 ｭe 16 9zKR 0 : ｭ96 9 r ﾀ ﾁ l R 0 ; K 1;04, Q 1; , E max E kr 09 ｨ Q , E max ｨ ｨ , , , ｨ ﾀ ｨ ｨ , , ｨ ｨ , ｨ [87] , ｨ ( ) ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ [88], ｨ [85]: ｨ ｨ ﾁ , ｨｬ 縺 縺 " ", ｨ , [13, ] ﾀ ﾁ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ﾁ , (0605 ﾁ ), ｨ ( ) 縺 ｨ, , , ﾀ [3, 89, 160], ｨ 縺 C [1], [14] ｨ , , ｨ [11]

11 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ｨ [11]. ﾀ ﾁ ｨ ﾁ , , ｨ ｨ , ｨ , ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ,0 [11], ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , , ; ｨ ｨ , , , ｨ , ｨ , " " , , , ｨ , , ﾀ05ｨ , ( ), , ﾁ ( ) ｨ t c [11, 161], t c < , ｨ ｨ [143] t c < ｨ [143] y ( ), ｨ , [11, 15] , , 0 [143] , " " ｨ t c [ , 118, 119, 14, 158] , ( ) [161] y ｨ (0,5 09 1,4 0408). 縺 [11] : , [161] [31, 48, 96, 164] c , t c < 縺 ( ) , , 0905, ｨ , t c < , , , [161], t c < ﾀ ｨ [161] ｨ t l 0ｷ ｨ ﾁ ｨ , 縺 ｨ ｨ , ｨ : t l 1 ﾁ08; ｨ , , ﾁ ｨ ｨ , t c < 1 ﾁ08! ｨ ｨ 閨 ﾁ [15], ｨ (t l 0;3 0608) ｨ ｨ , , t l ( [161]) ｨ ﾀ t c , , C g 0ｷ3 3;3 % t c 0ｷ [15], , ｨ ( [11, 161]) [54, 15, 16, 163] , , , ｨ " " ﾀ05ｨ ( ) [49, 91] ｨ 09, t c , ｨ , , ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , , [170] , , " " (a few bubbles sonoluminescence) [183] [170] " " , ｨｬ , ,

12 閨 [ t c 0ｷ , ｨｬ t c 0ｷ3 70; , ﾁ ( , [11]). ﾀ ｨ , D Na [155] , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ｨ ( , ) , ｨ , ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ 縺 , , ｨ 0300ｨ ｨ : ｨｬ [89] ( ); ｨｬ ｨ , He, Ne, Ar, [89]; ｨｬ , r, ｨ l ;5 ; [134]; ｨｬ ｨ : OH*, HOH [89] ( ); ｨｬ NaCl ｨｬ D Na ( ) [49, 50] 5 ; ｨｬ [90], ( [9, 30, 5]), ｨ , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ , ｨ , " " ﾀ , , , ｨ [11] , [9, 30, ] , , , ( [49] , NaCl, ｨｬ D Na ｨ NaCl ｨｬ ﾀ05ｨ NaCl. U, l, : 1 ｨｬ NaCl ; ｨｬ NaCl 0 ﾁ [49]; 3 ｨｬ ( ) ( ) [89] ) ｨ , , 0ｨ ｨ ｨ , , [49, 91] " " ｨ , ｨ , ｨ , : , , , , , ｨ OH * ﾀ05ｨ ｨ , , , ｨ 0909 ｨ ｨ , , , ﾁ , , [9] 0400 ﾁ ｨ T ( ) ｨ U [11, 157]. ﾀ C g % % U [157]. ﾀ C g [11]; C g t c 060 [15]: C g 0ｷ3 0; (ｨ ) U ; C g U , , , 09, , C g, ﾁ , 1

13 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ｨ , U [4]. ﾀ0709 " " U : He<Ne<Ar<Kr<Xe [9] I i ( I w ) ｨ , ｨ ｨ , ｨ [4]: Ar ! Ar ; Ar 6ｦ0 H O!H O 6ｦ0 Ar ; H O!H 6ｦ0 OH ; H O!H O 6ｦ0 hn : , , , 閨 , ｨ e Ne, ｨ I i 09 I w ( , ｨ H O), ﾀ05ｨ H O * Xe. ﾀ , % He, Ar Xe 01 N, O ( ). 縺 U ｨｬ 0 1, [11, 134] , , ｨ ｨ U , He ﾀ ｨ ｨ [144] , ｨ , ｨ HNO HNO 3, ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , , [11], [144] ﾀ ｨ O, H, H O, ﾁ , ﾀ05ｨ ｨ (N O ) ｨ , ｨ 09 (HNO HNO 3 ). ﾀ0709 ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ , ｨ " " * [9, 18]. 縺 : ｨｬ , % N 09 1 % O, O, % N ; ｨｬ , ｨ : , ; ｨｬ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ , g , , ｨｬ ; , 0605ｨ U ｨ , ｨ, ｨ 0500ｨ ｨ , y ( ), H O ｨ ( , , ) , ｨ, [90] ｨｬ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , " ｨ " ｨ ｨ 縺080900ｨ ｨ ﾀ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ( %), , ﾁ ﾁ U ｨ , , ﾁ , , 0405 ﾁ , ｨ " " , ｨ, , ｨ : , ｨ ｨ ｨ y ; , ｨ , " " ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾀ0709

14 閨 [ ｨ I i 09 I w ｨ ; , U: He>Ne>Ar>Kr>Xe ｨ ﾀ , , ﾀ05ｨ ｨ ｨ ( c), , [11] ｨ ｨ , ｨ : [13], [181], [11], [144], 3; [166, 14] 閨 [1], , , , ｨ ｨ ｨｬ ﾀ05ｨ [1] , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , 00 ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ , ｨ , ﾁ 縺 ｨ ｨ ﾁ : ｨｬ ( ). ｨｬ ; , [178] ｨ 0400ｨ ; ｨｬ % ｨ ｨ ﾁ , , [50] , ｨ ｨ ﾁ 縺 , ｨ, , ﾁ : ｨ , , [95]. ﾀ ｨ , , r res r res i. ﾀ05ｨ , ｨ E 1, , E 1 0ｷ3 Wi=n 1 Vf ｨ , , E 0 1 0ｷ3 W=f. ﾀ05ｨ E 0 1 0ｷ3 n1v ; ｭ306 9 E 1 i n 1 ｨｬ , V ｨｬ W ｨｬ n [6, 96] ﾁ [97, 98], 09 ｨ ﾀ i [4]. ﾀ05ｨ ﾁ (30) E 0 1 =E (!) , 09 ｨ ﾁ ｨ [95]; ｨ , ｨ , , ｨ ﾁ , ｨ 縺 , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [11] ｨ ﾀ ｨ 縺 : , ( , ), ｨ 0905 ｨｬ [13] ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , , , , ,3 05 0, , [13] , ,3 05 0, ｨ ( ﾁ0507) 09, , 0 6 ﾀ ｨ ｨ 0 ｨ , , ｨ ﾁ , , ｨ , ﾁ ,

15 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 [6] , ,9 05 1, ｨ , , [9, 165] , , , , , (!) , 09, , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ ｨ ｨ , ( ) , , ( 0; ) ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ 09 ( ) ( ) , [166, 167], ｨ ｨ , , ｨ [167] , , ﾀ0709 ｨ , , , ｨ " " , ｨ , , , p v ﾁ ｨ 0509 T 1, ｨ , [167] ｨ ｨｬ [166, 171] ｨ , , , ｨ T max 09 _r max ﾁ (6) ﾁ (4) , , , , ｨ , , , p s 0ｷ p s 0ｷ3 const 5 p h, 09 T max 09, , ﾁ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [63], ｨ [17] , ｨ [145] ﾁ ﾁ : ﾁ , , ( ) ｨ ｨ , ﾁ R k , (3) ﾁ p pad 0ｷ3 pmr k exp ｭikr6 9 ; r i ｨｬ , k 0ｷ3 o=c ｨｬ ( p pad 0ｷ3 p m ) ｨ kr ｨ : G p 1 ｭr6 9 0ｷ3 p m R k ｭ1 G6 9k 6ｦ0 p m R k r ; ｭ G ｭr6 9 ｨｬ , ｨ ｨ ｨ G ｭr , ｨ ｨ ﾀ , " ", , ﾁ R k =r. ﾀ , ｨ ( , o 10 5 c 1 ) (31) 09 p m ｨ G < 0; , , G p m G ｭr (5) ﾁ (9) ｨ , ﾁ ﾁ [145]: p h p m R k k ｭ1 G ｭr ｦ0 rr 6ｦ0 3 _r 6ｦ0 1 r G ｭr6 9 6ｦ0 p m R k sin ot 6ｦ0 s r r 6ｦ0 4m_r r ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9 0ｷ3 0 ; ｭ p g 6ｦ0 p v ﾁ (4) (6) ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ , ( ); ｨ G! 1 [145] [173], ｨ , ｨ ｨ , [173, 179], , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ

16 閨 [ , ｨ o 0 =b [145], [173, 179] ｨ ﾁ ﾁ b 0ｷ ｨ [106] [106], , o 0 = , o ﾁ ｨ : s 3g ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9 o 0 ｭr6 9 0ｷ3 rr ; ｭ [145] G ｭo=o ｨ o 0 0ｷ3 o o 0 =b: o G 1 exp bjo o 0j o 0 o 0 1 exp b ro p 1 3g ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9=r ; ｭ ﾁ (4) 09 (6) ﾀ ﾁ , ｨ , , , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ : rr 6ｦ0 3 _r 6ｦ0 1 r 1 exp p h 6ｦ0 s r 6ｦ0 4m_r r ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9 p mr k k sin ot r b ro p 1 3g ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9=r 6ｦ0 6ｦ0 1 kr exp b ro p 1 3g ｭp g 6ｦ0 p v 6 9=r 0ｷ3 0 : ｭ (35) , p 0 a 0ｷ3 p mr k k, ( ), ﾀ [145] ﾁ , ｨ (35) (4) 09 (6) R m ( ), ｨ , [13], ﾀ [11] ( ). ﾀ ( ) , [11], ｨｬ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ G ｭr ( ). 縺 ｨ , ﾁ r, ,5 T, 10 5 K, t, ,5 1,0 0,5 0 5,75 5,85 5,95 t, ,0 G ｭr6 9 0,5 pm, t, t, v, ,75 5,85 5,95 t, (00), 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ (01), (0), (03) (04) ｨ (35) ﾁ (4) 09 (6) [145]; : f 0ｷ 閨0, p m 0ｷ3 1;0=p 0ｷ3 0; , r 0 0ｷ r, t, r, r t, ( ) ( ) [13] (00) 09 [11] (01). 01 p p, r 0 0ｷ p m0ｷ31,

17 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ｨ , ﾁ- ﾁ ; T 1 0ｷ3 0 C [184] ﾁ (31), (34) ﾀ [145] r ｭt6 9 ( ) ｨ ｨ [11]. ﾀ ; ( ﾁ000805) ﾁ , ｨｬ ﾁ , ﾁ ( ) ｭ ( , 905). ﾀ [145] ｨ , " " , , , r, ,0 G ｭr6 9 0, 閨 " " , , 閨 ﾁ [58, 59] , ｨ 09 " " ,5 1,0 t, v, ,5 1,0 1,5,0,5 t, ,5 1,0 1,5 t, r, p m, T, 10 5 K 3 1 0,5 1,0 1,5 t, r, ,5 1,0 1,5 t, ( ｨ r ｭt6 9, [11]) (00) 09 (01), 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ (0) p m (03) ｨ (35), (04) (05). r ｭt (31), (34) ; ﾁ (4) 09 (6) [145]. ﾀ ｨ , ﾁ ｨ r > [184]. ﾀ : f 0ｷ3 6;5 01 閨0, p m 0ｷ3 1;35=p 0ｷ3 0ｷ3 0; , r 0 0ｷ3 4; ｨ ｨ ﾀ0709 ｨ " " , ( , " " , ) ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ( ｨ 0400ｨ ﾁ ｨ [163] , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ) [145], , ｨ : ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ, ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , [145] ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , T max 09 _r max, , , , 060. ﾀ0709 ｨ p m , , , 09, , , , ｨ , , , DT [9, 95, 100, 101, 14, 140] ｨ , ｨ, , ｨ [146] ｨ ﾁ , , ｨ ﾀ05ｨ , ,

18 閨 [ ｨ ｨ ﾁ [137], ｨ % [11] (1, ) ｨ ｨ ｨ _r max c , ｨ 縺 , , , , " " , ﾀ [148], ｨ ﾀ [149] ｨ 09, p max > , , , ﾀ , , , , , , p ad , , , ﾁ (10) 09 (11) ph 6ｦ0 hp m i g= ｭg16 9 p max p ad ｭg 16 9 ; p ad p ad (6), p max g ｨ 0404 (5), p max ｨ 縺 (0803. (6)) p ad 0ｷ3 p g min 6ｦ0 p s > p s, 09 p max p max [147] ｨ 09, > > , ｨ [57, 59]. ﾀ [11]: , < ｨ ｨ ﾁ ( ), r max 0ｷ3 0; [11] , , 閨 [11]. ﾀ 閨 , ｨ ｨｬ [14, 18, 151, 154]. ﾀ0709 ｨ , , ( ), 閨 [174] ﾁ 縺 ﾁ , 09, , c g ( c g T 1= r 3 ｭg16 9= g 0ｷ3 4=3 c g r 1= ) , , ｨ ( ｨ ), 0908 (13) _r max p ad 3r g= ｭg16 9 A g0ｷ34=3! g p ad 3r 4 ph 6ｦ0 hp m i : 4p ad g / , ｨ ﾀ (T 0 0ｷ , p v 0ｷ3 0; ) p m 0ｷ3 1; ( ｨ hp m i90; ) p h 0ｷ , , _r max ｨ [147] , , p m 0ｷ3 1; , ﾁ , " " ﾁ , ﾁ ﾀ05ｨ " " 08 ﾁ ( , ｨ ) (35) [145] , ｨ

19 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ﾁ ｨ * [9] ﾁ ｨ hri 0;8hR max i f 100 閨0; D Na T 1 T kip 09 p h p v ｨ ｨ ( ) 1. 縺 H O NO 0 ｨ ; H O 09 NO ｨ ｨ ﾁ000805, hri 0ｷ3 0;8R max ; ｨ ﾁ ﾁ U=U t U=U t ; U=U t T kip ｨ ﾁ ﾁ T kip ｨ , ( ) 6ｦ0 [31] [3, 77, 10] [ , 5, 53] [9, 8] [5] [8, 9] [103, 104] [105] [8, 18, 19] [8, 9] [87] [108, 107] [31] [176] [4, 8, 44, 109] [9, 110] [111] * , , , ｨ ｨ 縺 ｨ [11] ｨ ｨ 閨0: 1) N ; c 1 ; ) ｨ hei 3; ｨ 05; 3) ｨ E max 1; ｨ 05; 4) Z ca 4; ; 5) % ｨ ; ; ｨ 05; 6) U= ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ( ); (T 1 T kip ); , p h p v ; ﾀ0709 T 1 T kip 09 p h p v " " , ﾀ ｨ , 09 " " 0 ｨ ﾁ DT max , ﾁ ｨ 05 ﾀ 7 (9). 縺 ｨ , ｨ , [9] , , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ ( ABC ); ﾁ ｨ , , ﾁ ﾀ DT max, ﾁ , ｨ ｨ : , , ｨ , 0405 ﾁ ｨ

20 閨 [ DT max, K , m, B ｨ ABC ﾀ ｨ ｨ [44, 109]: ｨｬ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ : > t > > >ｨ > > > a-0400 ﾁ09050 ( ｨｬ ﾁ000805); ｨｬ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ [110] " ﾁ " , T kip, , , ｨ, , , , U ｨ : , U ｨｬ M * S ﾁ000805: M 6ｦ0 S!M 6ｦ0 S 6ｦ0 q : ｨ ﾁ ﾁ T kip , , ｨ M *, 09, , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ000805, 縺 ｨ , ｨ , ｨ, ﾀ0709 ｨ , , 閨 ｨ, 0ｨ ｨ , A C p m, ( ﾁ ｨ 05 ﾀ (9)); ｨ , , [9] [111] , , ｨ ｨ ﾁ , ｨ [74, 81, 83, 85, 153] , , , ｨ , ｨ , ｨ ｨ , [ ] ｨ ｨ [ ] ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ( ) [114, 115] ｨ 0500ｨ ﾁ ｨ : E c 0ｷ3 ; ｭn 16 9 pn ｭ T0 0 q 5 r ｭt6 9 qt 5 _r ｭt6 9r ｭt6 9 dt ; ｭ n ｨｬ , T 0 ｨｬ , _r ｭr 0 r min 6 9=t 8 c, [114] ﾁ E c : E c 0ｷ3 6; ｭn 16 9 h n cc 4t c 5 ｭr 0 r min 6 9 ; ｭ c c ｨｬ , , ｨ , ｨ ｨ , E c ; , t c 1 ﾁ08 [115], 00 ｨ ｨｬ _r 30c c (!), ﾁ , [114, 115] ｨ [116], , ｨ ｨ , 09, , ﾁ000807, [117] , ｨ ｨ ﾁ (o; o 0 ) 08 ｨ h ｭo 6ｦ0 o ｷ3 ho, O ｨｬ [114, ｨ ｨ ｨ , r max, E c [11].

21 , 0 3] 06 縺04 縺 ], ﾁ ｭ 1 ｭ T0 N a 0ｷ3 a dt r ｭt6 9 exp ｭiOt c O 5 do ; ｭ386 9 c ｨ ﾁ ﾁ a , N a 0ｷ3 15p r 16 a 0 r min c c t c : ｭ t c 5 T 0, _r max ﾁ N a (ｨ ｨ 1 ﾁ ) N a 10 5, (!) ﾀ ｨ [117] [118] ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ : E c 0ｷ3 N a ｭ T0 0 q 5 r ｭt6 9 qt 5 _r ｭt6 9r ｭt6 9 dt ; ｭ ｨ ｨ E c 0ｷ ﾀ r ｭt6 9 ｨ : E c 0ｷ3 ; ｨ , ｨ , E c [11] [11] , , , [119] ｨ ｨ , ｨ , [10] ｨ ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾀ , ｨ , [119], , , , ｨ ﾁ0008 ｨ N a : E c 0ｷ3 SE i N a ; ｭ U E c N a , U N a. ﾀ , ｨ ｨ , U N a : ｭ46 9 ﾀ [119] , ｨ ｨ , ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾀ [11] ｨ , 縺 , ｨ , : ｨｬ ｨ , , ｨ [19], , ; ｨｬ ﾁ ｨ r R max, , ｨ ; ｨｬ ｨ [51, 1] , ﾁ , , ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ , , ｨ : ｨｬ , , 1 03 閨 , r min , " " ｨ ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , , ; ｨｬ ｨ , , , , [68]; ｨｬ , , ﾁ ｨ , ｨ , ﾁ : ｨｬ , ; ｨｬ [ , 180]; ｨｬ , [57, 13] [17, 18] 閨 ﾁ [15] t c , [15]

22 閨 [ ﾁ , ｨ ﾁ , [15], ｨ ｨ ﾀ ｨ , , ｨ 縺 , , , ｨ [15, 180]. 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ , , ｨ , , ｨ ｨ ﾁ , ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨ , E E kr ; E < E kr ｨ ｨ ｨ 縺 ｨ ｨ ｨ ﾀ , ｨ , , t c l T ｭl ｨ : , , ｨ ｨ , ｨ ﾀ ｨ ｨ , ｨ , [180], ; ｨ , , , ｨ ｨ 縺 , 00 0 ｨ ﾀ (35), [145], , , , , ﾀ K ( ), ｨ ﾁ s kt max d k 0ｷ3 8pe ; n e n e ｨｬ ｨ , e ｨｬ ｨ ﾀ0709 T max 0ｷ n e 0ｷ d k 10 A 5 r m , ｨ , ﾁ ﾁ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ D i, D i ｨｬ 0105ｨ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾁ ﾀ , , , ( ﾁ ｨ , ) , , [89], He, Ne, Ar , , ; Kr ｨ [11] , , 0ｨ ﾀ05ｨ , ｨ ｨ * 09 Kr *, ｨ ｨ , , , O 09 N [15]. ﾀ0709 ｨ , ｨ ﾁ ｨｬ , ｨｬ , l ;5 [134]. ﾀ [114, 115] ｨ ｨｬ l 3, ｨｬ l 4 ( ﾀ ), ｨｬ l [139] ,

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