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1 Introduction GMP Compliance for Quality Control Laboratory Operations 2007 PharmaNet, Inc. 品質管理試験室作業の GMP 遵守 2007 PharmaNet, Inc. Page Intro , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

2 Introduction Laboratory GMPs Course Objectives Review cgmp Requirements for Laboratory Operations Review Current cgmp Compliance Issues Practical Application of cgmps with Examples and Recommendations 試験室 GMP コースの目的 試験室作業に関する cgmp 要件のレビュー cgmp 遵守に関する現在の問題のレビュー cgmp の実践的な適用およびその事例と提案 Page Intro , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

3 Introduction Laboratory GMPs Topics Walk-through Inspection Coverage General Laboratory Controls Laboratory Documentation practices Validation of Analytical Methods Laboratory OOS: Investigation and Retesting 試験室 GMP 話題 ウォークスルー査察の対象範囲 一般的な試験室管理 試験室の文書化の実践 分析法のバリデーション 試験室 OOS: 調査と再試験 Page Intro , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

4 Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory 試験室のウォークスルー査察 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

5 Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory Laboratory Walk-through Inspection Storage Refrigerators Location of Temperature Sensor Procedure and Frequency for Temperature Recordings Review and Filing of Temperature Recordings SOP With Temperature Monitoring Frequency and Limits Storage of Foreign Materials 試験室のウォークスルー査察 温度センサーの場所 冷蔵庫保管 温度記録の手順と頻度 温度記録のレビューとファイリング 温度のモニタリングの頻度と温度の限度を示した SOP 関係ない 物質の保管 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

6 Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory Laboratory Walk-through Inspection Storage Refrigerators Adequate Sealing and Protection of Containers To minimize evaporation To avoid cross-contamination Solutions and Other Materials Have Proper and Sufficient Labeling to Avoid Mix-ups 試験室のウォークスルー査察 冷蔵庫保管 容器の適切なシールと保護 蒸発を最小限にするため 交叉汚染を防ぐため 混同防止のための溶液と他の薬品の適切かつ十分な標識 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

7 Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory Laboratory Walk-through Inspection Storage Refrigerators Status of Old Solutions; Still Appropriate for Use? Standard or Stock Solutions With Long Expiration Dates (e,g., beyond 3 months) Might be Questioned 試験室のウォークスルー査察 冷蔵庫保管 古い溶液の状態 : まだ使用に適しているか? 有効期限の長い ( たとえば 3 ヶ月超 ) 標準溶液または保存溶液は問題があるかもしれない Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

8 Walk-through Inspection of the Laboratory Laboratory Walk-through Inspection Check for the reuse of stock solutions without assuring their stability. Stock solutions are frequently stored in the laboratory refrigerator. Examine the laboratory refrigerators for these solutions and when found check for appropriate identification. Review records of standard solution preparation to assure complete and accurate documentation. FDA Laboratory Inspection Guide, 7/93 試験室のウォークスルー査察 安定性を確認していない保存溶液の再使用をチェックしなさい 保存溶液は 試験室の冷蔵庫によく保管されている 冷蔵庫を調査して これらの溶液があれば 識別が適切であることをチェックしなさい 完全で正確な文書化を確認するために 標準溶液の調製記録をレビューしなさい FDA Laboratory Inspection Guide, 7/93 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006

9 Laboratory Controls Laboratory Controls 2006 PharmaNet, Inc. 試験室管理 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

10 Laboratory Controls Laboratory Controls: General Trending Programs Environmental Monitoring Water System Test Results Deviations and Investigations Written Trending Report Calibration and Maintenance Problems 試験室管理 : 一般 傾向分析プログラム 環境モニタリング 水システムの試験結果 逸脱と調査 傾向分析報告書 校正および保守の問題 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

11 Laboratory Controls FDA Laboratory Deviation Trending Your firm has not been effective in identifying the issues and taking the necessary preventive actions regarding the high percentage of Testing Deviation Reports involving equipment malfunctions and laboratory errors. FDA 試験室の逸脱の傾向分析 貴社は 装置の機能不良や試験室エラーを含む高比率の試験の逸脱報告に関して 問題の特定と必要な予防処置を実施しなかった Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

12 Laboratory Controls Calibration Record Instrument Balance ID # 2963 Date of Calibration July 7, 2008 Standard Tolerance Actual Variance Adj./As-Left 10.0mg ± mg ± mg ± mg ± Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Perf. by RJ Rev. by CS Date July 10, 2008 Std. NIST# Comment: Balance adjusted. Deviation report issued July 10, 校正記録 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

13 Laboratory Controls Laboratory Instrument Log Equipment HPLC No. 1 Date Time Sample Perf. By Ck. By Jan. 4, 08 9:12 AM X, lot 1 TS - Jan. 7, 08 2:24 PM Monthly Cleaning SK TS Jan. 8, 08 9:00 AM Y, lot 1 TS - Jan. 9, 08 1:15 PM X, lots 2-4 PJ - Jan. 10, 08 3:47 PM Z, lot 1 KG - Jan. 14, 08 9:13 AM Replaced lamp TS KG Jan. 15, 08 10:00 AM Z, lot 2 SK - Jan. 18, 08 9:35 AM PM SK KG 試験機器のログ 装置名 HPLC No. 1 日付時間サンプル実施者確認者 Jan. 4, 08 9:12 AM X, lot 1 TS - Jan. 7, 08 2:24 PM Monthly Cleaning SK TS Jan. 8, 08 9:00 AM Y, lot 1 TS - Jan. 9, 08 1:15 PM X, lots 2-4 PJ - Jan. 10, 08 3:47 PM Z, lot 1 KG - Jan. 14, 08 9:13 AM Replaced lamp TS KG Jan. 15, 08 10:00 AM Z, lot 2 SK - Jan. 18, 08 9:35 AM PM SK KG Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

14 Laboratory Controls Contract Laboratories FDA Draft Guidance (Contractor Quality Agreement) May 2013 Contract Laboratories are Contracted Facilities Subject to CGMP Requirements the Contracted Facilities could be held responsible for clear CGMP violations related to the laboratory activities they conduct. Additionally, the Owners could be responsible for CGMP violations because, regardless of who tests the products or the agreements in place regarding the manufacturing and testing of those products The Owners might further be cited for failure to follow their own procedures for evaluating, qualifying, auditing, and monitoring contractors/suppliers. Lines 417, , 受託試験機関 FDA ドラフトガイダンス ( 品質契約書 )2013 年 5 月 受託試験機関は CGMP 要件の対象となる受託施設である... 契約施設は 彼らが実施する試験室の活動に関連した明らかな CGMP 違反に対する責任を負う可能性がある さらに 所有者は 誰が製品を試験したかに係わらず またはそれらの製品の製造および試験に関する合意書の実施に係わらず CGMP 違反の責任を負う可能性がある... 所有者は 契約業者 / 供給業者の評価 適格性評価 監査およびモニタリングに関する彼らの手順を守らなかったことに対して さらに指摘されるかもしれない Lines 417, , Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

15 Laboratory Documentation Practices LABORATORY DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES 2007 PharmaNet, Inc. 試験室の文書化の実践 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page 5-1 7/13/2014

16 Laboratory Documentation Practices Laboratory Documentation Practices FDA Inspection Coverage Analyst s Notebooks Review SOP s relating to analysts notebooks, data recording, etc. A review of the accuracy and completeness of the data recorded in analysts notebooks or worksheets should be done and include review of raw data from associated chromatography, spectra, etc. and other sources generated by laboratory instruments. FDA IOM, Subchapter 549, EIR 試験室の文書化の実践 FDA 査察の対象 分析者のノート - 分析者のノート データの記録等に関する SOP をレビューしなさい 分析者のノートまたはワークシートに記録されたデータの正確性および完全性のレビューが実施されるべきで 関連したクロマトグラフィー スペクトラ等から得た生データおよび試験機器から得たその他の情報のレビューも含めなさい FDA IOM, Subchapter 549, EIR 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page 5-3 7/13/2014

17 Laboratory Documentation Practices Laboratory Documentation Practices Electronic Records and Raw Data 試験室の文書化の実践 電子記録と生データ 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page /13/2014

18 Laboratory Documentation Practices Laboratory Documentation Practices Electronic Record Retention For High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) systems (and other computerized systems involving user inputs, outputs, audit trails, etc.), the predicate rules, such as 21 CFR and 21 CFR (d), require the electronic records themselves to be retained and maintained in accordance with those regulations. FDA GMP Q&A; Updated August 4, 試験室の文書化の実践 電子記録の保管 高速液体クロマトグラフィー (HPLC) とガスクロマトグラフィー (GC) システム ( および ユーザーの入力 出力 監査証跡などを含むその他のコンピュータ化システム ) については 21CFR と 21CFR (d) などの関連規則が電子記録それ自体を維持し それらの規則に従って保持することを求めている FDA GMP Q&A; Updated August 4, , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page /13/2014

19 Laboratory Documentation Practices FDA Warning Letter Electronic Record Retention The printed paper copy of the chromatogram would not be considered a true copy of the entire electronic raw data used to create that chromatogram, as required by 21 CFR (d). The printed chromatogram would also not be considered an exact and complete copy of the electronic raw data used to create the chromatogram, as required by 21 CFR The chromatogram does not generally include, for example, the injection sequence, instrument method, integration method, or the audit trail, of which all were used to create the chromatogram or are associated with its validity. Therefore, the printed chromatograms used in drug manufacturing and testing do not satisfy the predicate rule requirements in 21 CFR Part 211. The electronic records created by the computerized laboratory systems must be maintained under these requirements. FDA GMP Q&A; Updated August 4, FDA Warning Letter 電子記録の保管 クロマトグラムの印刷された紙のコピーは 21CFR (d) で求めるクロマトグラムを作成するために使用した電子生データ全体の 本当のコピー とは見なせない 印刷されたクロマトグラムもまた 21CFR で求めるクロマトグラムを作成するために使用した電子生データの 正確で完全 なコピーをは見なせない そのクロマトグラムは通常 たとえばインジェクションの順序 機器の方法 インテグレーションの方法 または監査証跡 その全てがクロマトグラムの作成に使われたか その有効性と関わりがある 従って 医薬品の製造と試験に使用され印刷されたクロマトグラムは 21CFR211 の関連規則を満たしていない コンピュータ化された試験システムにより作成された電子記録は これらの要件の下で維持されなければならない FDA GMP Q&A; Updated August 4, , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page /13/2014

20 Laboratory Documentation Practices FDA Warning Letter Electronic Record Retention You also informed our investigators that printed copies of HPLC test results are treated as raw data. Printed copies of HPLC test results from your firm s systems do not contain all of the analytical metadata (for example: instrument conditions, integration parameters) that is considered part of the raw data This electronic HPLC data supports testing, disposition, and other significant quality control decisions, and it is essential that you maintain this information for each batch. FDA Warning Letter (Gulf Pharm., Ind. (UAE)), Feb FDA Warning Letter 電子記録の保管 あなたは私たちの査察官に HPLC 試験結果の印刷コピーは 生データとして扱われると伝えた 貴社のシステムの HPLC 試験結果の印刷コピーは 生データの一部と見なされる分析のメタデータ ( たとえば : 機器の条件 インテグレーションパラメータ ) の全てを含んでいない... この HPLC の電子データは 試験 最終処分およびその他の重要な品質管理の意思決定をサポートしており あなたが各バッチのこの情報を維持することは不可欠なことである FDA Warning Letter (Gulf Pharm., Ind. (UAE)), Feb , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page /13/2014

21 Laboratory Documentation Practices FDA Warning Letter Electronic Record Retention during the review of the chromatography data our investigator noticed that the raw data retained does not include the run sequence or the processing method used to perform the peak integrations Moreover, the chromatography raw data does not include the processing method used to produce the final analytical results therefore it would not be possible to detect any modification to the processing method. FDA Warning Letter WL: ; 30 Jul 2013 FDA Warning Letter 電子記録の保管... クロマトグラフィーのデータのレビュー中に... 私たちの査察官は 保管された生データはピークのインテグレーションの実施に使われた分析順序または処理方法を含んでいないと伝えた... さらに クロマトグラフィーの生データは 最終分析結果を生成するすために使われた処理方法を含んでいない... 従って... 処理方法のいかなる修正も検出することができない FDA Warning Letter WL: ; 30 Jul , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2007 Page /13/2014

22 Analytical Methods Validation ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION Selected Compliance Issues: Verification for USP/Standard Methods Validation for Method Transfer Method Revalidation Robustness Validation Life Cycle Management 2006 PharmaNet, Inc. 分析法のバリデーション 順守の問題の抜粋 : USP/ 標準法のベリフィケーション分析法の移転に関するバリデーション分析法の再バリデーション頑健性のバリデーションライフサイクル管理 Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

23 Analytical Methods Validation Analytical Method Validation Compendial Method Verification USP <1226> Verification of Compendial Procedures Verification not required for basic compendial test procedures; e.g.: Loss on drying Residue on ignition Wet chemical procedures (acid value) Simple instrument methods (ph) 分析法のバリデーション 公定法のベリフィケーション USP <1226> 公定法の手順のベリフィケーション 基本的な公定法の試験手順にベリフィケーションは必要ない ; たとえば 乾燥減量 強熱残分 湿式の化学的手順 ( 酸価 ) 単純な機器分析法 (ph) Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

24 Analytical Methods Validation Analytical Method Validation Standard Method Verification Verification of an analytical procedure is the demonstration that a laboratory is capable of replicating with an acceptable level of performance a standard method. Verification under conditions of use is demonstrated by meeting system suitability specifications established for the method, as well as a demonstration of accuracy and precision or other method parameters for the type of method. FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) 分析法のバリデーション 標準 試験法のベリフィケーション 分析手順のベリフィケーションは 試験室が標準法の遂行について許容可能なレベルで再現する能力があることを証明することである 使用条件下でのベリフィケーションは 真度および精度または試験法のタイプに対する他の試験法のパラメータの証明同様に その試験法のために設定されたシステム適合性の規格を満たすことによって証明される FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

25 Analytical Methods Validation Analytical Method Validation Standard Method Verification Method performance is accomplished by using performance characteristics such as: Blanks in chemistry, or un-inoculated media in microbiology, to assess contamination; Laboratory control samples - spiked samples for chemistry or positive culture controls for microbiology, to assess accuracy; FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) 分析法のバリデーション 標準 試験法のベリフィケーション 試験法の遂行は 以下の性能特性を用いることによって成し遂げられる : 汚染を評価するための 化学的なブランク または微生物学的に植え付けていない培地 ; 試験のコントロールサンプル - 真度を評価するための 化学試験に対するスパイクサンプルまたは微生物試験に対する陽性コントロール ; FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

26 Analytical Methods Validation Analytical Method Validation Standard Method Verification Method performance is accomplished by using performance characteristics such as: Precision based on the analysis of duplicates; Calibration check standards analyzed periodically in the analytical batch for quantitative analyses; and Monitoring quality control samples, usually through the use of control charts. FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) 分析法のバリデーション 標準 試験法のベリフィケーション 試験法の遂行は 以下の性能特性を用いることによって成し遂げられる : 複製の分析に基づいた精度 ; 定量分析のための分析バッチで定期的に分析された標準品の校正チェック ; そして 一般的に管理図の使用による 品質管理サンプルのモニタリング FDA Laboratory Procedure (LAB.5.4.5), Ver. 1.6, Rev. 1/21/12; Sec. 6.2 (Current as of August 2014) Page , 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

27 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory Out-of-specification (OOS) Investigation and Retesting 2006 PharmaNet, Inc. 試験室の規格外 (OOS) 調査と再試験 Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

28 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results Quality Unit Responsible for Interpreting OOS Investigation Results Suspected Laboratory Error Required to Invalidate an OOS Test Result Invalidation of a discrete test result may be done only upon the observation and documentation of a test event that can reasonably be determined to have caused the OOS result. FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 品質部門は OOS 調査結果の解釈の責任を負う は OOS 試験結果を無効にするために疑わしい試験室エラーが要求される 個別の試験結果の無効は 試験が OOS 結果の原因となったことを合理的に決定できる試験の観察と記録によってのみ可能である FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

29 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting OOS and Retesting The investigation should include an appropriate evaluation of events associated with the laboratory analysis that scientifically supports any determination that the OOS result is caused by laboratory error. Strong evidence and sciencebased justification is necessary for your quality unit to permit invalidation of an initial OOS result. FY 2010 Warning Letter: Laboratorios L.O. Oftalmi, C.A. (Venezuela) 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 OOS と再試験 その調査は OOS 結果は試験室エラーに起因するという決定を 科学的にサポートする試験室の分析に関連した出来事の適切な評価を含むべきである 強い証拠および科学に基づいた正当化は あなたの品質部門が初期の OOS 結果の無効を許可するために必要である FY 2010 Warning Letter: Laboratorios L.O. Oftalmi, C.A. (Venezuela) Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

30 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results Investigation Cannot Confirm OOS and/or Identify a Cause for OOS OOS result given full consideration in batch disposition decision FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 調査が OOS の確認および / または OOS の原因を特定できない バッチの最終処分の決定において OOS 結果が全て考慮される FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

31 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results QA Decision to Release Batch In Spite of an OOS Result That Has Not Been Invalidated FDA Example Specification: % Initial OOS: 89.5% Retest results: 99.0, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 98.8, 99.1, and 99.0 % FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 無効にされていない OOS 結果にもかかわらず バッチを出荷判定する QA の意思決定 FDA の事例 規格 : % 初回の OOS: 89.5% 再試験結果 :99.0, 98.9, 99.0, 99.1, 98.8, 99.1, および 99.0 % FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

32 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results QA Should Evaluate Following to Conclude That the OOS Result Does Not Reflect Actual Batch Quality 1. The retest results must not support the initial OOS test result FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; IV-C-1-b 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 OOS 結果は実際のバッチの品質を反映していないことを結論づけるために QA は以下のことを評価すべきである 1. 再試験結果は 初回の OOS 試験結果をサポートしてはならない FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; IV-C-1-b Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

33 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results QA Should Evaluate Following to Conclude That the OOS Result Does Not Reflect Actual Batch Quality 2. Satisfactory retest results should be within the variability of the test method 3. Related test results (e.g., content uniformity, dissolution, in-process assay) are consistent with passing retest results FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 OOS 結果は実際のバッチの品質を反映していないことを結論づけるために QA は以下のことを評価すべきである 2. 満足な再試験結果が試験法のばらつきの範囲内に収まっている 3. 関連する試験結果 ( たとえば 含量均一性 溶出試験 工程内分析 ) が 合格した再試験の結果と一貫性がある FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

34 Laboratory Out-of-Specification Investigation and Retesting Laboratory OOS Investigation & Retesting Interpretation of Investigation Results QA Should Evaluate Following to Conclude That The OOS Result Does Not Reflect Actual Batch Quality 4. Investigation of Production department revealed no related process deviations 5. Process and product history indicates a robust process FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A 試験室 OOS 調査と再試験 調査結果の解釈 OOS 結果は実際のバッチの品質を反映していないことを結論づけるために QA は以下のことを評価すべきである 4. 工程の逸脱に関係しないことを明らかにした製造部門の調査 5. 工程および製品の履歴が頑健な工程を示す FDA OOS Guidance, 10/11/06; V-A Page , 1997,1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, /31/2014

( 参考資料 1) US-FDA のシステム (6 システム ) 査察の枠組みについて Page 2 of 5 pages (STRATEGY: 戦略 ) C. A Scheme of Systems for the Manufacture of Drugs/Drug Products 原薬 / 医

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