原子・分子架橋系の量子輸送の理論 現状と展望

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1

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3 1cm m 1nm

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5 N

6 Maxwell DFT

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8 E.Tsuchida and M.Tsukada Phys.Rev.B52(1995) Phys.Rev.B54(1996) J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.67(1998) Chem.Phys.Lett.311(1999)

9 N.Watanabe and M.Tsukada PRE 62(2000)2914

10

11 SPM) STM, AFM, SNOM etc DFT

12 Si(111) 3 3-Ag STM Theory HCT model V s =1V Experiment E.J.van Loenen, J.E.Demuth, R.M.Tromp And R.J.Hamers Phys.Rev.Lett.58(1987)373 Unoccupied states W 10 [111] Watanabe, Aono, Tsukada(1991) Phys.Rev.B44 (1991)8330 EJvan Loenen etal PRL 58( 87)373

13 Si(111) 3X 3-Ag (HCT ) Wartanabe, Aono, Tsukada(1991) Phys.Rev.B44 (1991)8330 Ag Si X HCT

14 STM (1) V T =-1.0V) W 10 [111] W 9 [110] Watanabe,Aono,Tsukada J.Vac.Scoi.Technol., B12(8)(1994)2167 STM W 14 [110] W 13 [110]

15 STM (2) 0 10 STM 20 30

16 How the force by the individual atom can be observed Theory of non contact Atomic Force Microscopy (ncafm) ~10nm 0.2~0.3nm Feedback circuit Friction const. Cantilever resonant freq. Driving force Of cantilever Tip-surface force

17 Control of individual atoms by the tip of Nc-AFM S.Morita, Osaka Univ. Any target atoms can be removed by the ncafm tip before after

18 Theoretical Problems of ncafm How the atomic scale force influences on the cantilever oscillation and how is it measured by ncafm images? Frequency shift, Energy dissipation How the ncafm images can be simulated by the calculated tip-surface force, deformation, or atomistic irreversible processes? Effect of tip atomic structure and atom kinds? Effect of reversible/irreversible structure change? How the dynamic surfaces are observed?

19 Macroscopic observable quantities and atomic scale interaction Amplitude Frequency A = l 2 ( f f r) 2 + h 2 Resonant Curve Frequency shift Peak width f = rf 0 = h = 1 πω kAπ f 0 2kAπ 2π 0 2π 0 2π 0 F(A cosθ + L)cosθdθ Friction const. γ (Acosθ + L)sin 2 θdθ F(A cosθ + L)sinθdθ Hysteresis force Tip-surface interaction force

20 Simulation by the first-principles method Chemical Interacting Force First-principles calculation Van der Waals Force Calculation with a continuum model

21 IET structure of Si(111) 3 3 Ag surface IET structure and HCT structure STM image of at 62K by Hasegawa H.Aizawa et al, Surface Sci., 429(1999)509

22 NC-AFM Images at Room Temperature

23 NC-AFM Image at Low Temperature

24 Atom bridges and Molecular bridges Quantum transport FET, Switches Memories, Sensors Molecular spintronics Light emission Information output non-locality, multiplicity, quantum entanglement, Instantaneous operation, Electron, spin Spin Magnetic field Temperature Photon Information input

25 Methods of the calculation for open non-equilibrium systems First-Principles Recursion Transfer Matrix Method FP RTM Lippman-Schwinger, non-local pseudopotential Density Functional Method/Tight-Binding Method Non-equilibrium Green s Function Method DF-TB+NE-GF parameters determined by DFT( TAPP, Gaussian etc)

26 2D Fourier transform of DFT potential With an appropriate boundary condition, R and U are calculated From the right and left electrode wave-functions DFT potential determined. This is equivalent to Non-equlibrium Green s function approach.

27 Barrier and Current Density d=12au Al tip V s =2V Si surface

28 Al Si

29 Conductance of Jellium Cylinder

30 Conductance through Al atomic-wires with various atoms mixed at contacts K.Hirose,N.Kobayashi, M.Tsukada, to be appeared/ nonlocal p.p. Al Na Cl

31 Where does the bias drop in the wire? Bias = 5V Potential difference without wire ~ Ez Charge difference ( ρ( r,5v ) ρ( r,0v )) Local polarization (s-orbital) Spread-out (p-orbital) Bias drop is determined by the local polarization. One impurity gives a significant influence!

32 Transmission Spectra of tape-porphyrin molecules

33 Transmission spectrum of phenalenyl molecule

34 Phenalenyl based molecules SOMO orbital X N X C X B

35 Induced large loop current near degenerate levels

36 Condition for the large loop current

37 Transmission of Fullerene C 60 and loop current

38 Q

39

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