Microsoft PowerPoint - The Brochure on UD Dry Toilets_A4.pptx

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1 Brochure on UD Dry Toilets What is a UD Dry Toilet? The term UD dry toilet stands for urine diversion dry toilet. A UD dry toilet can reduce the sanitary load on the environment and ensure clean sanitation by separating urine from feces without the use of water. The UD dry toilet has a special mechanism to separate urine from feces. After use, we can reduce odors and pathogens by applying calcium hydroxide (or ash) to the feces. The collected feces may be incinerated or dried, so that it can be used as a soil conditioner. In an emergency, the urine can simply be discharged, as it contains almost no bacteria, but it may also be collected in a container and combined with calcium hydroxide (or ash). Phosphorous and nitrogen that may cause eutrophication in bodies of water can be precipitated, collected and recycled as fertilizers. UD dry toilets can be installed in a variety of places: in any flat area or within existing toilets (both Japanese and western style). Although it takes time and effort to frequently collect the waste, we can keep the toilets clean and comfortable. They are also environmentally friendly. Advantages of UD Dry Toilets Model of a Swedish UD toilet Model of a UD dry toilet Easy to Install A UD dry toilet can be assembled easily by anyone, without special tools. Where there is no existing toilet, it can stand alone. It is also designed to fit inside an existing toilet, so that we can make effective use of existing toilet space. As it is made of plastic, it is light and easy to transport. Protection against Infectious Diseases Feces sometimes contain pathogens that may cause infectious diseases. Unsanitary toilets and improper treatment may increase the risk of infectious diseases. In hot, humid weather, we face a particular risk. Calcium hydroxide applied to feces acts as a sterilizer. Clean and Comfortable You collect urine and feces every time you use the UD dry toilet. Therefore, you can always keep the toilet clean and comfortable. Made of plastic, it is easy to clean and is washable outdoors. Installed over a Japanese style toilet, it can be used as a makeshift western style toilet. Prevention of Groundwater Contamination When wastewater treatment facilities and sewer pipes are destroyed by an earthquake or tsunami, it usually takes two or three years to rebuild them. Even when we have access to flush toilets, urine and feces are not always properly treated. If we reduce the use of flush toilets, we can prevent groundwater contamination as well as leakage of sewage from sewer pipes. Eco Friendly Water Use An ordinary flush toilet uses about 10 liters of water per flush. By separating urine and feces, we can treat them without using water. This greatly reduces the amount of water we use, as well as the volume of discharged sewage. Recovery and Reuse of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Phosphorus and nitrogen contained in urine may cause eutrophication in bodies of water. At the same time, however, they are essential for the growth of plants and are major components of fertilizers. Since phosphorous is in danger of depletion, recovering and reusing it provides us with a valuable resource and conserves the environment at the same time.

2 How to Use UD Dry Toilets 1. Check every part of the UD dry toilet unit Parts of a UD dry toilet (A) Component for urinal function (A ) Packing tape for fixing parts Plastic or paper bags for collecting feces (B) Plastic bottle or container for collecting urine (C) Calcium hydroxide (or ash) For reference: stool bulk (per adult, per day): 100ml to 150ml, urine output (per adult, per day): 1.5L (male average: 1.5L to 2.0L; female average: 1.0L to 1.5L) 2. How to assemble (time required: 5 to 20 minutes) Insert each part into the appropriate slot Affix the plastic bag for collecting feces Install the urinal component, then place a plastic bottle or a container with calcium hydroxide (or ash) underneath to collect urine Place the toilet seat on top and fix it with packing tape Part for collecting feces (plastic shopping bag) Urinal component Part for collecting urine (plastic bottle) Overhead view 3. Examples of installation 4. Usage UD dry toilet installed in a Japanese style toilet Anterior view Use in the same way as an ordinary toilet After use, apply calcium hydroxide or ash to the feces Depending on requirements, collect, store, dispose of, or reuse waste UD dry toilet installed in a Western style toilet Properly stored feces

3 UD ドライトイレ UD ドライトイレとは...? UD とは Urine Diversion( 屎尿分離 : 尿と便を分ける ) を意味する言葉です 尿と便を分け 水をほとんど使わず処理することによって 衛生的なトイレ環境 環境への負荷を減らすことが可能となります UD ドライトイレには 簡易に尿と便を分けられる仕組みとなっています 使用後に 便に消石灰 ( もしくは灰 ) をかけることで 臭いを軽減し 病原菌の無害化を図ります 集めた便は 焼却処分にするか 乾燥させれば土に戻せます 病原菌をほぼ含まない尿は 緊急時には 放流することも可能ですが 消石灰 ( もしくは灰 ) を入れた容器で回収することで 河川や海の富栄養化の原因となるリンと窒素を沈殿物として集め 肥料として再利用できます UD ドライトイレは トイレのない場所 既存のトイレ ( 洋式 和式 ) に設置でき 様々な場面で利用可能です 頻繁に回収する手間はかかりますが 清潔で快適なトイレ空間を維持でき 環境にやさしいトイレです スウェーデンの UD トイレの例 UD ドライトイレのモデル UD ドライトイレのよいところ 設置が簡単 感染症の予防 清潔で快適 UD ドライトイレは 道具を使わず 一人でも簡単に組み立てることができます トイレのない場所では 単体で使用できますが すでにあるトイレにもはめ込めるように設計されており トイレスペースを活用できます プラスチック素材で軽量のため移動も簡単です 便には 感染症の原因となる病原菌が含まれている可能性があり 不衛生なトイレ 不適切な処理によって 感染症が広まる危険性があります また 気温や湿度が高い夏には 更にそのリスクが高まります 便に消石灰 ( もしくは灰 ) をかけることで 病原菌の無害化を促進できます UD ドライトイレは 利用の度に便や尿を回収するため トイレ空間を清潔に保つことができます プラスチック素材のため 汚れても拭いたり 外に出して丸洗いしたりが可能です また 和式トイレの上に設置することにより 簡易の洋式トイレとして利用することができます 地下水汚染の予防 地震 津波により下水処理施設や下水管が損傷し 下水システムの復旧には 2~3 年かかるといわれています 水洗は可能な場合でも 尿や便が処理施設で適切に処理されているとは限りません 水洗トイレの利用を控えることで地下水の汚染や下水道からの汚水の噴き出しなどを予防できます 環境に優しい水利用 一般的な水洗トイレでは 一回の洗浄水量は 10 リットルです 便と尿を分けて水をほとんど使わずに処理することによって 水の利用や排出される汚水の量を大幅に減らします リン 窒素の回収と再利用 尿に含まれる窒素とリンは河川や海の富栄養化の原因物質ですが 同時に植物の成長に不可欠であり 肥料の主成分です 特に枯渇が危ぶまれているリンを回収し再利用することは リン資源の確保 環境保全の双方から効果的です

4 UD ドライトイレの使い方 ( モデル ) 1.UD ドライトイレに必要なものを確認 UD ドライトイレのパーツ (A) UD ドライトイレ尿受け部分 (A ) 固定用ガムテープ 便回収用レジ袋もしくは紙袋 (B) 尿回収用ペットボトルもしくはポリタンク (C) 消石灰 ( もしくは灰 ) 参考 : 便の量 : 大人一日 100ml ~ 150ml 尿の量 :1.5 リットル程度の尿 ( 男性 :1.5 ~ 2.0 リットル 女性 :1.0 ~ 1.5 リットル ) A B C A 2. 組み立て ( 所要時間 :5 ~ 10 分程度 ) パーツを差し込み口に差し込み組み立てる 便回収部分にレジ袋もしくは紙袋をつける 尿受け部分を取り付け 下部に消石灰 ( もしくは灰 ) を加えた尿回収用ペットボトル ポリタンクを設置する 上部に便座を乗せ ガムテープで固定する 便回収部分 ( レジ袋利用 ) 尿受け部分 尿回収部分 ( ペットボトル利用 ) 上から見たトイレ 正面から見たトイレ 3. 設置例 4. 利用 和式トイレへの設置 通常のトイレと同様に利用 利用後に便に消石灰( もしくは灰 ) をかける 状況に応じて 回収 貯留 廃棄もしくは再利用の方法を選択 洋式トイレへの設置 適切に貯留した便

5 Clean and comfortable sanitation environment utilizing portable toilets that make it possible to collect feces and urine separately Emergency Implementation Activity 6: Emergency measure to ensure proper sanitation in disaster areas and the development of disaster resistant urban infrastructure through the introduction of UD dry toilets The initiative Emergency measure to ensure proper sanitation in disaster areas and the development of disaster resistant urban infrastructure through the introduction of UD dry toilets is led by Professor Yoshihisa Shimizu of the Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University. It is projected that it will take two to three years to reconstruct sewerage systems in areas affected by the 2011 disaster. At temporary toilets in evacuation centers, night soil sometimes overflows from its containers. Inadequate sanitation facilities may increase the risk of infectious diseases, particularly in the hot and humid summer. Since feces contain pathogens, it is necessary to take urgent action to ensure proper sanitation. In the Emergency Implementation Activity, Professor Shimizu intends to introduce clean and comfortable portable UD dry toilets to disaster areas, utilizing the knowledge and experiences accumulated through a similar project implemented in a small village in Vietnam, where there was no sewerage system. He aims to install clean, comfortable and easy to assemble toilets. He is also making efforts to construct new systems capable of responding to future disasters. Reducing the amount of sewage and protecting from infectious diseases In some disaster areas, sewerage systems are in a state of collapse, and 18 sewage treatment plants had been shut down as of June, 2012 in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures. In evacuation centers, flush toilets have been closed because of broken sewerage systems. Though residents are using temporary toilets situated outdoors, ill smelling night soil sometimes overflows. Some people fall ill because they are reluctant to use the toilets due to the poor sanitation. Those living in their own houses in disaster areas sometimes continue to use flush toilets even though the sewerage systems aren't working properly. This causes problems such as the eruption of wastewater from the ground. In the coming hot, humid summer weather, the risk of infectious diseases spread by bacteria contained in feces will grow drastically. It will take several years before sewerage systems in coastal areas along the Pacific are rebuilt. Therefore, it is necessary to take drastic measures to reduce the amount of sewage. In particular, we must implement urgent measures to sanitize feces. In his Emergency Implementation Activity, Professor Shimizu is planning to install the UD dry toilets, which can separate urine from feces without the use of water. Clean and Comfortable Sanitation He will utilize the knowledge and experiences he accumulated through a project implemented in Vietnam. Plastic UD dry toilets are cheap, comfortable, and easy to assemble. This toilet (picture, below left) can separate urine from feces without water. An ordinary flush toilet needs 10L of water for each flush. Therefore, the UD dry toilet can drastically reduce the amount of water used in disaster areas, where sewerage systems are in a state of collapse. Toilets should be clean and odor free. They should also be private so that it is not distressing to use them. We take this for granted in daily life. However, it is difficult to ensure such conditions in disaster areas. Through this Emergency Implementation Activity, he intends to create a clean and comfortable environment, since using the toilet is an essential human function. Portable UD Dry Toilet, which separates urine from feces without the use of water We can reduce the smell and bacteria of sewage by applying calcium hydroxide, a disinfectant and alkaline substance, to the feces. In Vietnam, ash was used instead of calcium hydroxide. The resulting substance was then dried and recycled as a soil conditioner. The picture on the right shows feces treated with alkali and dried. It resembles black soil and there is no smell. Phosphorus and nitrogen contained in urine can be recovered and reused as major components of fertilizers. Feces treated with alkali and dried. It resembles black soil and is odorless Professor Yoshihisa Shimizu of feces of urine of feces of urine WEB: u.ac.jp/ud toilet/top.html

6 水を使わずに尿と便を別々に回収する簡易トイレを導入し 清潔で気持ちの良い排泄環境を実現する 緊急実装活動 6 無水屎尿分離トイレの導入による被災地の衛生対策と災害に強い都市基盤の整備 無水屎尿( しにょう ) 分離トイレの導入による被災地の衛生対策と災害に強い都市基盤の整備 は 京都大学大学院工学研究科教授の清水芳久先生を代表者とする緊急実装活動です 被災地の下水道システムの復旧には2~3 年かかると推測されています 避難所の仮設トイレは汲み取りが追いつかず 排泄環境は劣悪で 気温の高くなる夏には感染症の発生も危惧されています 特に 大便は病原菌を含むため 緊急の衛生対策が望まれます そこで清水先生の緊急実装活動では 下水道システムが普及していないベトナムの集落で尿と便を別々に回収するトイレを導入した技術 経験を活かし 容易に設置でき 衛生的で快適なトイレの普及を早急に実現します また 将来の災害に対応することが可能なシステムを構築するための活動も実施することを目指しています 汚物の量を減らし 感染症の危険を防ぐ被災地では下水道システムが破壊され 岩手県 宮城県 福島県を中心とする下水処理場は 6 月現在 18 カ所が停止しています 避難所では下水道が使えないため水洗トイレが閉鎖され 屋外の仮設トイレを使っていますが 汲み取りが追いつかずに屎尿がたまり 悪臭も強く トイレを我慢して体調を崩す人もいるとのことです また 人が住み続けている住宅では 下水道が機能していないにも関わらず水洗トイレを利用しているため 汚水が地上に吹き出すなどの問題も発生しています このまま夏を迎え気温が高くなると 屎尿に含まれる病原菌からの感染症が発生する可能性が高まります ラスチック製簡易トイレを今年度中に 250 個程度設置する予定です このトイレ ( 左下の写真 ) は水を使わずに尿と便を別々の場所に回収します 通常の水洗トイレは汚物を流すために一回約 10 リットルの水が必要なため 下水道システムが機能しない被災地でこのトイレを使うと汚水の量を大幅に減らすことができます 実装責任者の清水芳久先生 太平洋沿岸部の下水道システムの復旧には数年かかる見込 大便には消毒効果のあるアルカリ性の消石灰をかけるこ みで 根本的な対策としては汚水 汚物の量を減らすことが重要です 屎尿のうち 緊急の衛生対策が求められるのは病原菌が含まれる大便です そこで清水先生の緊急実装活動では 下水道システムが発達していない途上国 ( ベトナム ) で尿と便を別々に回収 ( 屎尿分離 ) する簡易トイレを導入した経験を活かし 宮城県石巻市や気仙沼市 南三陸町 福島県角田市などで 衛生的で快適 大便回収かつ低コストの発泡プ とで病原菌を無害化し 臭いも少なくします ベトナムでは 消石灰ではなく普通の灰を使い しばらく乾燥させ 土壌改良剤として再利用したそうです 右の写真は便をアルカリ処理 乾燥させたものですが 見た目は土のようで 臭いも全くありませんでした アルカリ処理し 乾燥させた便 臭いも全くなく 土のように見える また 尿に含まれる窒素とリンは肥料の主成分となるた 尿回収 め 回収後再利用できます 清潔で気持ちの良い排泄環境を 大便回収 水を使わずに尿と便を別々に回収する 屎尿分離型簡易トイレ 尿回収 清潔であること におわないこと プライバシーが保たれること トイレに行くことが苦痛でないこと 平時には当たり前ですが 被災地で実現するのは難しいことです この緊急実装活動では 排泄が人間の生活の基本であるからこそ 被災した方々が清潔で気持ち良く用を足すことのできる環境づくりを目指しています 清水先生の緊急実装活動の WEB サイト JST 社会技術研究開発センター (RISTEX) の WEB サイト 研究開発成果実装支援プログラムの WEB サイト

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