Keiai U.06.12†i›œfic†j

Transcription

1 Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine On the Poet John Keats s Turning Point in His Poem Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine Kihachiro OKUDA The purpose of this paper is to clarify the poet John Keats s turning point in his poem entitled Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine. The first thing to explain is that a sonnet has 14 lines. Each line has 10 syllables, and the poem has a fixed pattern of rhymes. The poet Keats uses the English sonnet. The sonnet form perfected by William Shakespeare is composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentametre with the rhyme pattern abab / cdcd / efef / gg. It is also called the Elizabethan sonnet. The second is to explain that Edmund Spenser is an English poet known chiefly for his allegorical epic romance The Faerie Queene 1589, His other works include the pastoral Shepheardes Calendar 1579 and the lyrical marriage poem Professor, Faculty of International Studies, Keiai University; English Literature History, English Language Origins, Introduction to English and American Literature, Intercultural Communication. 51

2 Epithalamion. Spenser is also called the Elfin Poet. The third is to explain that Elves impersonate the shimmering of the air, the felt but indefinable melody of Nature, and all the little prettinesses which a lover of the country sees, thinks he sees, in hill and dale, copse and meadow, grass and tree, river and moonlight. Spenser says that Prometheus called the man he made Elfe, who found a maid in the garden of Adonis, whom he called Fay, of whom all Fayres spring. Elfe is Adam in the Old Testament, the first man. Fay is also Eve in the Old Testament, the first woman. Jesus Christ is also the second Adam. The fourth is to explain that Phoebus is the god of the sun in Greek Mythology. Apollo is called Phoebus the sun-god, from the Greek verb phao to shine. John Keats is the second Phoebus as well. In conclusion, John Keats once honoured and imitated Edmund Spenser as a poet. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Flattery is also flattery. Keats s desertion of Spenser is suggested by his renewed interest in the sun-god Phoebus. It is splendid for Keats to rise like Phoebus with a golden quell firewinged there in England. It is marvelous for Keats to make a morning in his mirth, that is his amusement. It is his dream to express his own fresh laughing, there in England. Keats s mirth is connected with his masterpiece Ode on a Grecian Urn, in the autumn of his life. This is the Romantic poet Keats s turning point in his poem entitled Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine. Keats s genius blossoms early with Phoebus s spiriting, and Keats blossoms out into a great Romantic poet. John Keats Spenser! A Jealous Honourer of Thine Keats Spen/-ser! A jeal/-ous hon/-our/-er of thine, A for/-est/-er deep in thy mid/-most trees, Did last eve ask my prom/-ise to re/-fine 52

3 Some Eng/-lish that might strive thine ear to please. But, Elf/-in Po/-et, tis im/-pos/-si/-ble For an in/-hab/-it/-ant of win/-try earth To rise like Phoe/-bus with a gold/-en quell Fire-winged and make a morn/-ing in his mirth. It is im/-pos/-si/-ble to es/-cape from toil O the sud/-den and re/-ceive thy spir/-it/-ing The flow/-er must drink the na/-ture of the soil Be/-fore it can put forth its blos/-som/-ing. Be with me in the sum/-mer days and I Will for thine hon/-our and his pleas/-ure try. sonnet Sonnet Italian sonnet octave /abba/ /abba/ quatrains sestet /cdc/ /dcd/ /cde/ /cde/ Petrarchan Sonnet English sonnet quatrains couplet /abab/ /cdcd/ /efef/ /gg/ Shakespearean sonnet Spenserian sonnet /abab/ /bcbc/ /cdcd/ /ee/ b/b c/c Keats Edmund Spenser John Keats 53

4 Sonnet Keats Spenser Keats Spenser Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser Spenser East Smithfield East Smithfield Blackfriars Bridge New Bridge Street Farringdon Street St. Andrew West Smithfield Long Lane West Smithfield Smithfield Market St. Bartholomew the Great Spenser Blue Guide Smithfield, more particularly known as West Smithfield to distinguish it from the less important East Smithfield near Tower Hill, is a place of great historic interest, though now noted mainly as the site of the principal London meat market. Originally a spacious smoothfield or grassy expanse just outside the City Walls, it was the scene of various famous tournaments, and from 54

5 1150 to 1855 it was the chief horse and cattle market of London. East Smithfield West Smithfield Smithfield Smoothfield Spenser Spenser Cambridge Pembroke Hall Francesco Petrarch Canzoniere, Joachim Du Bellay Petrarch Petrarchan sonnet Du Bellay the Pleiad La Defense et illustration de la langue francaise, the Pleiad Pleiad Pleiades the Pleiad Atlas Alcyone, Celaeno, Electra, Maia, Merope, Sterope Asterope, Taygete Orion Merope the Lost Pleiad the Seven Sisters J. Du Bellay Ronsard John Keats 55

6 Spenser Gabriel Harvey Edward Kirke Harvey Robert Greene Thomas Nashe Spenser Kirke Spenser Shepheardes Calender, E. K. E. K. Spenser Spenser Cambridge Harvey Leicester Spenser Rochester John Young Spenser Roselind Plato Fowre Hymnes Hymne in Honour of Love Hymne in Honour of Beauty Spenser Keats Spenser! A Jealous Honourer of Thine Leicester Spenser Sir Philip Sidney Sidney E. Dyer the Areopagus The Areopagus Athens 56

7 Spenser Sidney Nashe George Peele Spenser The Faerie Queene,, Leicester Spenser Prosopopoia, or Mother Hubberds Tales, Leicester Old Mother Hubbard Mother Hubbard Old Mother Hubbard Went to the cupboard, To fetch her poor dog a bone; But when she came there, The cupboard was bare, And so the poor dog had none. Spenser John Keats 57

8 Jove = Jupiter Complains Spenser Arthur Grey de Wilton Spenser Lord Grey Spenser Munster Munster Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary Waterford Cork Ulster Leinster Connacht Munster Ulster Cavan Donegal Monaghan Leinster Carlow Dublin Kildare Kilkenny Laoighis Leix Longford Louth Meath Offaly Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Connacht Connaught Spenser Munster Cork Kilcolman Castle Spenser Blue Guide Some 3m. N. W. of the village stand the ruins of Kilcolman Castle, the 58

9 home---or in an adjacent house---for eight years of Edmund Spenser, who wrote here the first three books of the Faerie Queene. The castle is ruined above the ground floor, but the top of the walls can be reached by a turret stair. The demesne is now part of a wildfowl refuge, and access is normally restricted. Spenser, as secretary to Lord Grey, the Lord Deputy, came into possession of the property in 1586 after the forfeiture of the Earl of Desmond s estates, and took up residence in 1588; but in the following year a visit of his friend Raleigh decided him to publish his poem, and he moved to London, remaining there until 1591, when he reluctantly returned to Kilcolman---the period of Colin Clouts come home again ---and remained here until 1598, when the house was burned during Tyrone s rebellion. In 1594 he married Elizabeth Boyle, daughter of a gentleman of the neighbourhood. Spenser Sir Philip Sidney Astrophel, Sidney Astrophel and Stella, Sidney Spenser Sidney Spenser Elizabeth Spenser Sir Walter Ralegh [Raleigh] Spenser Spenser Colin Clouts John Keats 59

10 come home again Complains Lady Douglas Howard Daphnaida Spenser Spenser Spenser Elizabeth Boyle Amoretti Boyle Epithalamion Amoretti Worcester Prothalamion Fowre Hymnes A Short View of the Present State of Ireland Spenser Spenser Kilcolman Castle Spenser Cork Blue Guide Tyrone s rebellion Spenser Spenser Spenser Westminster Abbey Spenser Geoffrey Chaucer Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St. Peter in Westminster Edward the Confessor Spenser Kilcolman Castle 60

11 Spenser Spenser Epithalamion Edmund Spenser Geoffrey Chaucer William Shakespeare Spenser the poets poet Edmund Spenser Renaissance Spenser Reformation Spenser Plate Aristotle Spenser Spenserian Sonnet Spenserian Stanza Spenser John Keats Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser John Keats 61

12 Spenser Keats Spenser Keats Spenser Sonnet John Keats Keats Keats Keats Keats Miriam Allott The Poems of John Keats, sonnet John Barnard John Keats: The Complete Poems, Barnard Spenser! a jealous honourer of thine, a Fire-winged, 62

13 Ernest de Selincourt The Poems of John Keats, Barnard Did, last eve, ask my promise to refine Some English, But, Elfin-poet! To rise, like Phoebus, Fire-wing d to scape in the summer days, It is im/-pos/-si/-ble to es/-cape from toil O the sud/-den and re/-ceive thy spir/-it/-ing- The flow/-er must drink the na/-ture of the soil Keats de Selincourt scape It is im/-pos/-si/-ble to scape from toil sud/-den /s ^dn/ O the sudd n and re/-ceive thy spir/-it/-ing flow/-er /fláu / flour e The flower must drink the na/-ture of the soil John Keats 63

14 sonnet thine, trees, re/-fine, please, im/-pos/-si/-ble, earth, quell, mirth, toil, spir/-it/-ing, soil, blos/-som/-ing, I, try /abab/ /cdcd/ /efef/ /ee/ c f im/- pos/-si/-ble, quell spir/-it/-ing, blos/-som/-ing im/-pos/-si/-ble quell -ble quell /bl/ /kwel/ /el/ /l/ spir/-it/-ing blos/-som/-ing feminine ending /-ing/ Feminine rhyme Allott sonnet Written 5 Feb Keats Allott K. wrote the poem for Reynolds after visiting him 4 Feb Keats Reynolds Keats Reynolds Allott Reynolds John Hamilton Reynolds St. Paul s School Keats 64

15 Reynolds Keats Reynolds Keats Reynolds Reynolds Keats sonnet De Selincourt First published Keats De Selincourt In the Aldine edition of 1876 Lord Houghton added another version, with no variation of any importance, but with a note appended, I am enabled by the kindness of Mr. W.A. Longmore, nephew of Mr. J.H. Reynolds, to give an exact transcript of this sonnet as written and given to his mother by the poet, at his father s house in Little Britain. This poem is dated, in Mrs. Longmore s hand, 5th Feb. 1818, but it seems to me impossible that it can have been other than an early production and of the especially Spenserian time. Keats Keats Houghton the Aldine edition Venice Aldus Manutius Manutius folio octavo italic Folio octavo Houghton J.H. Reynolds W.A. Longmore Keats Longmore Longmore John Keats 65

16 sonnet De Selincourt sonnet Longmore De Selincourt Houghton De Selincourt Houghton Keats Spenser sonnet Houghton Keats Spenser Imitation of Spenser Houghton Richard Monckton Milnes, st Baron Houghton Houghton Keats Houghton The Complete Poetical Works of John Keats, To Spenser Printed in Life, Letters and Literary Remains, and undated. Afterward, when Lord Houghton printed it in the Aldine edition of 1876, he noted that he had seen a transcript given by Keats to Mrs. Longmore, a sister of Reynolds, dated by the recipient, February 5, But Lord Houghton is confident that the sonnet was written much earlier. SPENSER! a jealous honourer of thine, A forester deep in thy midmost trees, Did last eve ask my promise to refine Some English that might strive thine ear to please. But Elfin Poet, t is impossible 66

17 For an inhabitant of wintry earth To rise like Phoebus with a golden quill Fire-wing d and make a morning in his mirth. It is impossible to escape from toil O the sudden and receive thy spiriting: The flower must drink the nature of the soil Before it can put forth its blossoming: Be with me in the summer days, and I Will for thine honour and his pleasure try. Allott Houghton SPENSER a Spenser Fire-wing d days quill Allott quell De Selincourt quell Barnard quell quill /kwíl/ im/-pos/-si/-ble quell quill De Selincourt Houghton sonnet The tone of the poem seems at first sight to bear out what Lord Houghton says, and accordingly he has been followed by Mr. Forman and other editors. But they are probably mistaken. De Selincourt John Keats 67

18 Houghton Houghton Forman Houghton Forman Mr. Forman Harry Buxton Forman Forman Percy Bysshe Shelley Poetical Works Shelley Prose Works Keats Fanny Brawne Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, Keats Poetical Works and Other Writings of John Keats, Forman Maurice Buxton Forman Letters of Keats Keats De Selincourt Forman Houghton The form of the sonnet amply corroborates the date which Mrs. Longmore has given, which, apart from internal evidence, there would be no reason for disputing. De Selincourt sonnet Longmore De Selincourt Houghton De Selincourt De Selincourt 68

19 Keats Allott De Selincourt To Spenser Houghton To Spenser Keats Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine A forester deep in thy midmost trees, Did last eve ask my promise to refine Some English that might strive thine ear to please. a Keats a Reynolds Thine thou = you thy thine thine = yours thou thy, thine thee ye Thou are, have, shall, will, were art, hast, shalt, wilt, wert -st -est of thine of yours thy, thine a, an, no, this of thine honourer I am an honourer of thine. a thine honourer John Keats 69

20 thine honourer = your honourer thy midmost trees your midmost trees thine ear your ear thy thine Thine ear thy spiriting your spiriting thine honour your honour Edmund Spenser Reynolds Keats Spenser honour-er Allott, a jealous honourer Reynolds Allott See his Sonnet to a friend [? Bailey] , We are both lovers of the poets old! But Milton hath your heart, and Spenser mine... Bailey Keats Benjamin Bailey Keats Bailey Bailey Milton Keats Spenser Keats Spenser Keats Sonnets, A jealous honourer of thine A forester deep in thy midmost tree 70

21 J. H. Reynolds tree trees Keats honourer Reynolds Spenser Keats Reynolds Spenser Reynolds Spenser style See Finney, pp Finney Reynolds Keats Spenser Spenser Reynolds Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy GOD giveth thee. Keats Keats a jealous honourer jealous a jealous God The Second Book of Moses, Called Exodus Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; Thou shalt have no other gods before me. John Keats 71

22 And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments. The Fifth Book of Moses, Called Deuteronomy For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you, lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth. Keats Reynolds Spenser Spenser Keats Spenser Spenser Spenser Hunt Shakespeare James Henry Leigh Hunt Hunt The Examiner John Keats John Hamilton Reynolds Percy Bysshe 72

23 Shelley Spenser Shakespeare Spenser Shakespeare Keats Benjamin Robert Haydon Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn, Keats Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard / Are sweeter; Spenser Hunt Keats Keats Keats jealous John Keats 73

24 Thou is an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for you when you are talking to only one person. Thou ye, you ye, you thou, thee thou thou 74

25 Keats Jealous zelosus zelus zeal zelos emulation gelos jaloux jealous Zealous zelos-us jealous, zealous zealous zealous Keats A forester deep in thy midmost trees, Allott 2 forester] An allusion to Reynolds s Robin Hood sonnets. See headnote to Robin Hood p. 301 above. Reynolds Robin Hood Allott Reynolds s sonnets were The trees in Sherwood Forest are old and good and With coat of Lincoln green and mantle too. Allott forester John Keats 75

26 Keats Reynolds Robin Hood Robin Hood Robin Hood Andrew of Wyntoun Chronicle of Scotland c. Litell Geste of Robyn Hoode c. True Tale of Robin Hood Wyntoun St. Serf s Inch James The Orygynale Cronykil Macbeth Malcolm Macduff Macbeth macbeth son of life William Shakespeare Macbeth, Macbeth Macbeth Duncan Malcolm Maelclm mael Coluim servant of St. Columba mael bald Coluim of St. Columba Celtic servants Columba Strathclyde Inner Hebrides Iona Macduff 76

27 Shakespeare Duncan Malcolm Macbeth Robin Hood Yorkshire Cumberland Robert Fitz-Ooth Nottinghamshire Locksley Huntingdonshire Earl of Huntingdon outlaw Sherwood Little John, Friar Tuck, William Scathelocke, Allena- Dale outlaw outlaw Sherwood Sciryuda wood belonging to the shire Sherwood Forest Blue Guide Sherwood Forest, an ancient demesne of the Crown, once occupied roughly the whole W. part of Nottinghamshire, and still covers an area fully 20m. long and 5-10m. wide. It was largely disafforested towards the close of the 18C, and its outlying parts have been spoiled in recent years by the eastward development of the Nottinghamshire coalfield. Certain diminishing tracts of lovely woodland in the N. part have, however, been preserved through their inclusion in the so-called DUKERIES, made up of the great parks of Welbeck formerly Duke of Portland, Clumber N.T., recently Duke of Newcastle, Worksop formerly Duke of Norfolk, and Thoresby once Duke of Kingston, though these also are threatened with industrial invasion. The parks of Worksop and Welbeck and also that of Rufford are closed to the public, but those of Clumber and Thoresby are accessible; and within these and among the venerable oaks of Birklands and Bilhaugh, near by, are some of the noblest survivors of the ancient British forests. John Keats 77

28 Nottinghamshire Derby Blue Guide Sherwood Forest is inseparably connected with the picturesque exploits of Robin Hood and his Merry Men, which may or may not rest on a basis of fact. Robin Hood Robin Hood Yorkshire Robin Hood Keats Robin Hood Reynolds A forester deep in thy midmost trees, Thy thou Spenser A forester Cobuild is a person whose job is to look after the trees in a forest and to plant new ones. Keats Spenser Reynolds A forest Cobuild is a large area where trees grow close together. Keats trees Spenser 78

29 Keats forest a forester a jealous honourer Reynolds Keats Did last eve ask my promise to refine Some English that might strive thine ear to please. ask did ask I always did say so. an honourer a forester Reynolds Keats Spenser refine Cobuild When a substance is refined, it is made pure by having all other substances removed from it. Reynolds Keats some English some Reynolds Keats Keats thine ear thine thou John Keats 79

30 your Spenser strive Cobuild If you strive to do something or strive for something, you make a great effort to do it or get it. a great effort might may might strive Last eve eve evening Keats Keats thine ear ear ears ear Cobuild If you have an ear for music or language, you are able to hear its sounds accurately and to interpret them or reproduce them well. ear Keats please Cobuild If someone or something pleases you, they make you feel happy and satisfied. / To please thine ear 80

31 did ask a honourer a forester Reynolds the First Quatrain Edmund Spenser Reynolds Keats the poets poet Spenser Reynolds Keats Keats But, Elfin Poet, tis impossible For an inhabitant of wintry earth To rise like Phoebus with a golden quell Fire-winged and make a morning in his mirth. Elfin elf Elf Cobuild In fairy stories, elves are small magical beings who play tricks on people. Elf elfin Cobuild If you describe someone as elfin, you think that they are attractive because they are small and have delicate features. Spenser attractive John Keats 81

32 Elfin Poet elfin Elfin Edmund Spenser Elfin Poet = Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser Elfin Poet Elfin Poet Edmund Spenser Elfin Poet toil the nature of the soil William Shakespeare Allott Elfin Poet [Elfin Poet] Poet of Elfin or Fairy land. The phrase Elfin knight occurs frequently in The Faerie Queene. Edmund Spenser Elfin Poet Allott Spenser the Faerie Queene Elfin knight Keats Edmund Spenser Ebenezer Cobham Brewer The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable elf Properly, a mountain fay, but more loosely applied to those airy creatures that dance on the grass or sit in the leaves of trees and delight in the full moon. 82

33 fay fairy elf Brewer They have fair golden hair, sweet musical voices, and magic harps. They have a king and queen, marry and are given in marriage. Elves Brewer They impersonate the shimmering of the air, the felt but indefinable melody of Nature, and all the little prettinesses which a lover of the country sees, or thinks he sees, in hill and dale, copse and meadow, grass and tree, river and moonlight. Elves Brewer Edmund Spenser Spenser says that Prome theus called the man he made Elfe, who found a maid in the garden of Ado nis, whom he called Fay, of whom all Fayres spring. Spenser Prome theus Elfe Elfe Ado nis Fay Fay Spenser Edmund Spenser Elfin Poet John Keats 83

34 Prome theus Brewer Prome theus made men of clay, and stole fire heaven to animate them. For this he was chained by Zeus to mount Cau casus, where an eagle preyed on his liver daily. The word means Forethought, and one of his brothers was Epime theus or Afterthought. Prome theus Zeus Cau casus Prome theus Epime theus Zeus Thessaly Macedonia Olympus Jupiter Cau casus Caucasia Mt. Elbrus, Cau casus Ciscaucasia Transcaucasia Brewer Ado nis Brewer A beautiful boy. The allusion is to Ado nis, who was beloved by Venus, and was killed by a bear while hunting. Venus Venus Aphrodite Brewer The flower called Adonis is blood-red, and, according to fable, sprang from the blood of the gored hunter Pheasant s-eye. Adonis 84

35 Brewer in the garden of Adonis Brewer A garden of Adonis: a worthless toy; a very perishable good. The allusion is to the fennel and lettuce jars of the ancient Greeks, called Adonis garden, because these herbs were planted in them for the annual festival of the young huntsman, and thrown away the next morning. = Adonis fennel Foeniculum vulgare fennel seed lettuce Lactuca a garden of short-lived flowers Adonis The Book of the Prophet Isaian 11. In the day shalt thou make thy plant to grow, and in the morning shalt thou make thy seed to flourish; but the harvest shall be a heap in the day of grief and of desperate sorrow. 12. Woe to the multitude of many people, which make a noise like the noise John Keats 85

36 of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, that make a rushing like the rushing of mighty waters! Prome theus Elfe Elfe Ado nis Fay The First Book of Moses, Called Genesis 26. And God said, Let us make man in own image, after our likeness: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. 7. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. 8. And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. 18. And the Lord God said, it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him : but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. 21. And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he sleep: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 86

37 22. And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 23. And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. 20. And Adam called his wife s name Eve; because she was the mother of all living. 23. Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. 24. So he drove out the man;... Spenser Elfin Poet Spenser Adam Adam Spenser Adam Eve Adam Spenser Adam Keats Adam Keats Spenser the Elfin Poet Edmund Spenser The sweet Swan of Avon William Shakespeare John Keats 87

38 The Mantuan Swan Vergil or Virgil 70 19b.c. Keats Edmund Spenser Keats It is impossible for A to do. But, Elfin Poet, tis impossible For an inhabitant of wintry earth To rise like Phoebus with a golden quell A do tis it is for... to English Grammar 1 for... to nexus Impossible Cobuild Something that is impossible cannot be done or cannot happen. inhabitant Cobuild the inhabitants of a place are the people who live there. Keats Phoebus sun god Apollo Phoebus Phoebus harnessed to his golden chariot Phoebus Apollo Phoebus 88

39 Phoibos bright Phoebus Phoebe Artemis Brewer Phoebus The sun or sun-god. In Greek mythology Apollo is called Phoebus the sungod, from the Greek verb phao to shine. The rays divine of vernal Phoebus shine. Thomson: Spring. Thomson Scotland James Thomson Winter Summer Spring Autumn The Seasons Brewer Thomson Phoebus Brewer Phoebe The moon, sister of Phoebus. Phoebus Phoebus [fí:b s] = a name given to Apollo, or the sun. This word expresses the brightness and splendour of that liminary øo ßoç. Lemprière specific image of the poetry-making power Evert Allott like Phoebus...Fire-winged Like Phoebus Apollo whose fiery light dispels the wintry darkness. For K. earlier use of quell the power to subdue or destroy see Endymion ii 537 and n p. 185 above, A sovereign quell is in his waving hands... Allott Allott Keats quell John Keats 89

40 Endymion quell quell Keats an inhabitant of wintry earth Spenser Keats Reynolds an inhabitant Keats it is impossible for to rise like Phoebus. to rise Phoebus The sun rises in the east. Phoebus rise Wintry earth wintry winter winter wintry wintry 90

41 Keats wintry earth an inhabitant Keats It is impossible for an inhabitant of wintry earth to rise... for an inhabitant to do Keats Keats Fire-winged and make a morning in his mirth fire-winged Phoebus a golden quell Winged a winged angel / Allott To rise like Phoebus with a golden quell Fire-winged and make a morning in his mirth. De Selincourt To rise, like Phoebus, with a golden quell, Fire-wing d, and make a morning in his mirth. Barnard John Keats 91

42 To rise like Phoebus with a golden quell, Fire-winged, and make a morning in his mirth. with a golden quell Allott Barnard Phoebus fire-winged De Selincourt Barnard Pheobus Allott Allott Keats Endymion A sovereign quell is in his waving hands. quell An archaism for the power or means to destroy, here referring to Cupid s bow and arrow. Allott quell Endymion Cupid Cupid Mars Mercury Venus Eros Amor Cupid Cupid Phoebus Cupid Phoebus Wing authority, power, glory, and protection Israel under the wings of the 92

43 eagle or vulture-god Phoebus Endymion A sovereign quell is in his waving hands. his waving hands Hand strength, power of God and Providence Allott with a golden quell Phoebus Fire-winged a quell Phoebus open hand with fingers widely stretched = sun-symbol protective magic against the evil eye Allott Houghton But Elfin Poet, t is impossible For an inhabitant of wintry earth To rise like Phoebus with a golden quill Fire-wing d and make a morning in his mirth. with a golden quill quill Cobuild A quill is a pen made from a bird s feather. / A bird s quills are large, stiff feathers on its wings and tail. John Keats 93

44 quill Houghton Houghton or Phoebus quill Keats with a golden quell gold en sun and fire divine spirit divine, mystic power air attribute of wind-deities the morning-air If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea; fire the sun Keats Keats Fire-winged and make a morning in his mirth. It is impossible for an inhabitant of wintry earth to make a morning in his mirth. nexus for... to 94

45 S V O C O C make O C O C In his mirth in make a morning in his mirth his an inhabitant Phoebus / and Keats it is impossible for A to rise like Phoebus... and it is impossible for A to make a morning in his mirth. Keats the second quatrain Edmund Spenser Keats Phoebus Keats Keats John Keats 95

46 Keats Phoebus Keats Phoebus Keats Phoebus Keats Keats Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn Keats a morning John Milton Now morn her rosy steps in th eastern clime Advancing, sowed the earth with orient pearl, When Adam waked, so customed, for his sleep Was airy light, from pure digestion bred, Paradise Lost Book V Morn morning Keats William Shakespeare Venus and Adonis Even as the sun with purple-colour d face Had ta en his last leave of the weeping morn, 96

47 Eos Aurora morning dawn Shakespeare Keats Keats Milton Keats The Fall of Hyperion Deep in the shady sadness of a vale, Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn, Far from the fiery noon and eve s one star. Phoebus Keats Thomas Gray An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 1751 The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock s shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. Gray Phoebus Keats Morning morwen -ing evening Keats It is impossible to escape from toil O the sudden and receive thy spiriting John Keats 97

48 The flower must drink the nature of the soil Before it can put forth its blossoming. Keats It... to It... to It... for... to It... of... to It is impossible for an inhabitant of wintry earth to rise like Phoebus... and make a morning in his mirth. It is impossible to escape... It is impossible for an inhabitant of wintry earth...to escape...and receive thy spiriting Keats impossible Toil Cobuild Toil is unpleasant work that is very tiring physically. Keats Keats O the sudden O on on the sudden = suddenly all of a sudden Cobuild If something happens all of a sudden, it happens quickly and unexpectedly suddenly Keats escape from toil Allott [Escape from toil] leave this world Draft. K. s toil was the preparation of Endymion for the press. He was still revising Endymion ii on 5 Feb see his letter of this date to J. Taylor L I 226 and did not finish copying out 98

49 the poem until c. 14 March 1818 L I 246. Another reason for K. s desertion of Spenser is suggested by his renewed interest in Shakespeare and Milton. Allott Keats toil Endymion J. Taylor Endymion J. Taylor John Taylor Keats Edmund Spenser Keats William Shakespeare John Milton Keats Edmund Spenser William Shakespeare John Milton Allott Spenser Shakespeare Keats Reynolds Spenser Phoebus Keats Keats and receive thy spiriting thy Spenser! A jealous honourer of thine thine A forester deep in thy midmost trees thy Some English John Keats 99

50 that might strive thine ear to please thine thy Spenser Spiriting inspiration Keats Receive Cobuild When you receive something, you get it after someone gives it to you or sends it to you. accept If you accept something that you have been offered, you say yes to it or agree to take it. / Toil spiriting make a morning in his mirth thy spiriting his mirth Phoebus Spenser Keats The flower must drink the nature of the soil Before it can put forth its blossoming. Blackstone He is learning not to discriminate, not to choose: but to accept, as the seed accepts, every fostering influence, every contribution to its growth. He understands that the vigour of the earthly root is indispensable to the lifting up of the golden fruit total realization. This is a very great step forward. The 100

51 Consecrated Urn, p Blackstone Keats Blackstone Blackstone Keats Blackstone Keats Spenser Reynolds Keats Keats / drink Blossom Cobuild Blossom is the flowers that appear on a tree before the fruit. blossom Keats blossoming John Keats 101

52 the third quatrain Keats blossoming Keats Be with me in the summer days and I Will for thine honour and his pleasure try. De Selincourt Be with me in the summer days, and I Will for thine honour and his pleasure try. De Selincourt Houghton and Allott Barnard De Selincourt and and Run fast, and you will catch the train. = if you run fast, you will catch the train. Keats De Selincourt Houghton and Allott Barnard and Random House and /ænd/ Say one more word about it and I ll scream. 102

53 and and SV. or [or else] SV. Keats Keats / his pleasure his Keats Reynolds Reynolds in his mirth his mirth his Phoebus Reynolds his his mirth, his pleasure his pleasure his Phoebus Pleasure mirth pleasure enjoyment, delight, joy mirth glee, hilarity, merriment, jollity, joviality his thine honour thine John Keats 103

54 of thine thine thy midmost trees thy thine ear thine thy spiriting thy thine honour thine Spenser Keats Reynolds Reynolds Keats Keats in the summer days in Keats for thine honour and his pleasure for Keats Spenser Phoebus Keats Keats Reynolds Spenser Spenser Keats Edmund Spenser Geoffrey Chaucer Spenser Spenser 104

55 William Shakespeare John Milton William Wordsworth John Keats Keats Chaucer Spenser Keats Keats Chaucer Shakespeare Milton Spenser De Hunt Keats Reynolds Keats Aristotle writes that imitation is natural to man from childhood. Aristotle B.C. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. Spenser Keats Spenser Keats Keats Spenser Keats Keats Keats for thine honour Keats Phoebus mirth Keats John Keats 105

56 for his pleasure Ode on a Grecian Urn for try for A She tried for a scholarship. Cobuild if you try for something, you make an effort to get it or achieve it. A Keats try for A. I will try for thine honour. I will try for his pleasure. Keats Keats the Couplet Keats Edmund Spenser Reynolds Reynolds Spenser Spenser John Keats 106

57 John Keats Phoebus Phoebus fire-winged Phoebus Phoebus a golden quell Keats a morning in his mirth Phoebus Phoebus harnessed to his golden chariot Phoebus Keats Phoebus Keats Keats John Keats 107

58 Phoebus Keats Spenser Shakespeare Milton Keats John Keats the flower blossoming Great art flowers under favorable conditions. Her son flowered late. flower flower He brought a new art form into flower. Keats the flower Keats blossoming He blossomed out into an important poet. Keats a golden quell quell Houghton To rise like Phoebus with a golden quill Fire-wing d and make a morning in his mirth. Houghton quell quill The pen is mightier than the sword. Houghton Phoebus 108

59 Phoebus Phoebus Phoebus Apollo Apollo Allott Barnard De Selincourt... with a golden quell / Fire-winged... Allott Another reason for K. s desertion of Spenser is suggested by his renewed interest in Shakespeare and Milton. Spenser Allott Shakespeare Milton Allott Allott Spenser Spenser Spenser Hunt Shakespeare Spenser Shakespeare Spenser Shakespeare John Keats 109

60 Phoebus with a golden quell Keats fire-winged Keats Phoebus Keats Phoebus Keats Keats Phoebus with a golden quill Keats fire-winged a morning in his mirth Keats Phoebus NHK 110

61 Phoebus Phoebus John Keats 111

62 A sound mind in a sound body. Juvenal c Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. mind dwells Phoebus Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn Keats Keats s turning point Keats Keats Allott, Miriam ed. The Poems of John Keats. New York: Longman, Barnard, John ed. John Keats: The Complete Poems. Third Edition, Penguin Books, Craig, W. J. ed. Shakespeare: Complete Works. London: Oxford University Press, De Selincourt, Earest ed. The Poems of John Keats. London: Methuen and Co., LTD., Fuller, John. The Sonnet. The Critical Idiom 26, Norfolk: Cox and Wyman Ltd., Fakenhan, Inglis, Fred. Keats. Literature in Perspective, London: Evans Brothers Limited, Keats, John. The Complete Poems of John Keats. trans. Deguchi Yasuo. Vol. I, Tokyo: Hakuousha, Leonard, John ed. John Milton: The Complete Poems. London Penguin Books, Lowell, Amy. John Keats. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, Matsuura Toru. Keats Sonnets. Tokyo: Azumashobo,

63 Palgrave, F. T. ed. The Golden Treasury. Oxford in Asia College Texts, Great Britain: Oxford University Press, Takahashi Hidemine. The Wonderful Radio Gymnastics. Tokyo: Shogakukan, The Complete Poetical Works of John Keats. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, Abunai Hirosi. Switch into the English Mode. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Brewer, E. Cobham. LL.D. The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. London: Classell and Company, Limited, MCMXII. Courtis, Stuart A. The Courtis-Watters Illustrated Golden Dictionary for Young Readers. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc., De Vries, Ad. Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. London: North-Holland Publishing Company, Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. trans. Yamashita Keiichiro. Tokyo: Taishukan Publishing Company, Fowler, H. W. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, Fukuda Ryutarou ed. Color Oxford. Tokyo: Fukutake Publishing Co. Ltd., Hornby, A. S. et al. Idiomatic and Syntactic English Dictionary. Tokyo: The Institute for Research in Language Teaching, Kawasaki Toshihiko. Introduction to the English Literature History. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Kihara Kenzou. The New Century English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Sanseido, Koike Yoshio. Kenkyusha s New English-Japanese Dictionary. Fifth Edition, Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Konishi Tomoshichi. New Shogakukan Random House English-Japanese Dictionary. Second Edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan Inc., Taishukan s Fresh Genius English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Taishukan, Minton, T. D. English Grammar in Action. trans. Abunai Hirosi, Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Nishio Minoru, Iwabuchi Etutaro and Mizutani Sizuo. Iwanami s Japanese Dictionary. Second Edition, Tokyo: Iwanami-Shoten, Oki Fumihiko. The Daigenkai. Five vols, Tokyo: Fuzambo, Onizuka Mikihiko. The Powerful English Grammar. Tokyo: Kawadeshobo, Mechanism of English Grammar. ASK, Tokyo: Pureisu, Petersen, Mark. Amazing Study of Real English. Tokyo: Shueisha International, Rossiter, Stuart ed. England. The Blue Guides, London: Ernest Benn Limited, London. The Blue Gudes, London: Ernest Benn Limited, John Keats 113

64 Saito Takeshi. The Kenkyusha Dictionary of English and American Literature. Third Edition, Tokyo: Kenkyusha Limited, Shibata Tetsushi. The New Anchor English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Gakken, Shimamura Morisuke, Doi Kouchi, and Tanaka Kikuo. Iwanami s Simplified English- Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami-Shoten, Shimura Izuru ed. Koujien. Third Edition, Tokyo: Iwanami-Shoten, Sinclair, John et al. Cobuild s English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. Third Edition, Harper Collins Publishers, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Third Edition, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, The Bible. Tokyo: Nihon Seisho Kyoukai, The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments. London: Collin Clear-Type Press, n.d. The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Third Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Yamada Toshio et al. Shinchou s Japanese Dictionary: Modern and Classical Language. Second Edition, Tokyo: Shinchousha, Yamaguchi Shunji. English Grammar: The Live Lecture Series. Two vols, Tokyo: GogakuShunshusha,