スライド タイトルなし

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1 TCP/IP 1

2 IP 2

3 IP IP IP CIDR JPNIC IP

4 [ 1] whois [ 2] JPNIC 4

5 2 JPNIC 5

6 6

7 JP JPNIC JPRS JaPan Registry Service JPRS 7

8 8

9 TCP/IP -Unix - (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 9

10 Name IP Address ; ifconfig Name IP Address DNS Host Table (/etc/hosts) DNS (/etc/resolv.conf); named ; sendmail DHCP ; dhcpc dhcpd ; lp lpd 10

11 Hostname IP address Subnetmask Default gateway Broadcast address Domain name Name servers Routing protocol Mail server Mail relay Print server File server 11

12 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 12

13 kernel configuration file ; BSD UNIX kernel /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/generic # config GENERIC #cd/usr/src/sys/compile/generic # make depend # make # make install 13

14 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 14

15 Interface Configuration ifconfig interface-name IP-address netmask ex. ifconfig le netmask (1) interface-name (2) IP-Address (3) netmask (4) Broadcast Address 15

16 Interface Configuration % ifconfig le0 le0: flags=863<up,broadcast,notrailers,running,multicast> mtu 1500 inet netmask ffff0000 broadcast % ifconfig -a 16

17 Interface Configuration ; netstat -i - Name ; interface name - Mtu ; link MTU size - Net/Dest ; Network Address ( ) p2p IP - Address ; assigned IP address - Ipkts ; received packets - Ierrs ; error packets to be received - Opkts ; output packets - Oerrs ; error packets to be sent - Collis ; Ethernet collision - Queue ; 17

18 Interface Configuration % netstat -ni Name Mtu Net/Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue le lo ppp

19 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 19

20 (1) IP Loop-Back (2) (static routing) Gateway(router) (3) (dynamic routing) Gateway(router) 20

21 IGP EGP Routing Domain EGP Routing Domain - A Routing Domain IGP Routing Domain - B Border Router IGP = Interior Gateway Protocol EGP = Exterior Gateway Protocol Routing Domain - C 21

22 Zebra FreeBSD/NetBSD ports/package zebrad, ripngd, ospf6d Cisco 22

23 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 23

24 DNS named configuration files /etc/named.boot ; domain DB /etc/named.ca ; root name server (/etc/named.root, /etc/root.ca) /etc/named.local ; name/domain /etc/named.hosts ; zone file ( ) /etc/named.rev ; zone file ( ) 24

25 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (i) DHCP (ii) Mail (iii) FTP (iv) SAMBA (7) WWW (8) 25

26 DHCP DNS DHCP 26

27 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (i) DHCP (ii) Mail (iii) FTP (iv) SAMBA (7) (8) WWW 27

28 SMTP (Sendmail etc.) POP IMAP 28

29 SMTP SMTP POP/IMAP 29

30 sendmail - sendmail sendmail # gzip -d sendmail tar.gz # tar -xvf sendmail tar # cd sendmail # sh makesendmail Configuration: os=linux, rel=2.0.30, rbase=2, rroot=2.0, arch=i486, sfx= Creating obj.inux i486 using makefile.linux ( ) groff -Tascii -mandoc sendmail.8 > sendmail.0 # cd obj.linux i486 # mkdir /var/spool/mqueue # chmod 700 /var/spool/mqueue #./makesendmail install # kill -HUP head -1 /var/run/sendmail.pid 30

31 sendmail sendmail (sendmail.cf) sendmail.cf cf : sendmail CF : ftp://ftp.kyoto.wide.ad.jp/pub/mail/cf/ 31

32 /etc/inetd.conf Mail Service -POP/IMAP - pop3 stream imap stream tcp nowait root /etc/pop3d pop3d tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/imapd imapd /etc/services pop3 110/tcp # Post Office Version 3 imap 143/tcp # IMAP version 4 32

33 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (i) DHCP (ii) Mail (iii) FTP (iv) SAMBA (7) (8) WWW 33

34 FTP (i) anonymous (ii) user oriented TCP Port Number = 21 /etc/inetd.config FTP ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/etc/ftpd ftpd -X (*) -X -l ; -d ; syslog -t seconds -T seconds ; ftp -u permission ; UNIX Default

35 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (i) DHCP (ii) Mail (iii) FTP (iv) SAMBA (7) WWW (8) 35

36 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 36

37 WWW WWW(World-wide Web) HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) apache WWW httpd.conf srm.conf access.conf 37

38 TCP/IP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DNS (6) (7) WWW (8) 38

39 Web FTP (smurfing) Web 39

40 Web FTP CGI finger telnet NFS (statd) DNS (named) IMAP POP and more 40

41 Portscan ( ) (sendmail, INN, phf, imap, pop, statd, named...) /etc/passwd OS root 41

42 Buffer Overflow ( ) = 42

43 VBS (Visual Basic Script) VBS VBS ( ) Outlook ( 100 ) 43

44 44

45 Subject.VBS Virus Microsoft Outlook Outlook 2000 (SR1) VBS 45

46 2001/7 Code Red Worm Windows NT/2000 IIS + Index Server /Services Index Server ISAPI Code Red Code Red II II ( ) 46

47 Code Red (II) 47

48 Code Red Index Server(Services) reboot IP Scan IP Web ( Windows ) 48

49 49 Code Red ( =1 19 )

50 Code Red 50

51 1) Worm IDS 51

52 52

53 SPAM 53

54 ( ) ( ) UNIX, Windows, Macintosh 54

55 55

56 NAT H.323 ICQ IDS( ) 56

57 1Gbps IDS ( ) Windows Linux < > 57

58 SSH UNIX, Windows Macintosh Remote Access VPN (IPsec) VPN IPsec Windows Macintosh OS IPsec APOP SSL-POP/SSL-IMAP POP before SMTP WebMail 58

59 Troubleshooting & Monitoring 59

60 Approaching a Problem TIPS; - - -? + Application? +? +?

61 Approaching a Problem ( ) TIPS; - (Firewall). ping, traceroute, ICMP_error - Error Message - (e.g., FAQ) - (e.g., cable, plug) 61

62 Diagnostic Tools Lap-Top PC - ifconfig; Interface Configuration - arp; ARP-table information - netstat ; routing information - ping ; reachability/connectivity - nslookup ; DNS information - dig ; DNS information - traceroute ; routing path - snoop ; packet trace 62

63 Troubleshooting & Monitoring (1) Diagnostic Tools (2) Testing Basic Connectivity (3) Troubleshooting Network Access (4) Checking Routing and Name Service (5) Analyzing Protocol Problem (6) SNMP; Simple Network Management Protocol 63

64 Connectivity Check ; ping ping host [packet_size] [count] - Unknown host ; DNS nslookup, dig - Network unreachable ; Routing Protocol traceroute, netstat - No Answer ; Routing Protocol Interface traceroute, netstat, ifconfig 64

65 Connectivity Check ; ping ping host [packet_size] [count] # ping -s ns.uu.net 56 5 PING ns.uu.net: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from ns.uu.net ( ): icmp_seq=0. Time=32.8 ms 64 bytes from ns.uu.net ( ): icmp_seq=1. Time=15.3 ms 64 bytes from ns.uu.net ( ): icmp_seq=2. Time=13.1 ms 64 bytes from ns.uu.net ( ): icmp_seq=3. Time=32.4 ms 64 bytes from ns.uu.net ( ): icmp_seq=4. Time=28.1 ms ----ns.uu.net PING Statistic packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 13.1/24.3/

66 Troubleshooting & Monitoring (1) Diagnostic Tools (2) Testing Basic Connectivity (3) Troubleshooting Network Access (4) Checking Routing and Name Service (5) Analyzing Protocol Problem (6) SNMP; Simple Network Management Protocol 66

67 Troubleshooting Network Access ifconfig command # ifconfig le0 le0: flags=863<up,broadcast,notrailers,running, MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet netmask ffffff00 broadcast arp command # arp -a Net to Media Table Device IP Address Mask Flags Phys Addr le0 peanut.nut.com :00:20:05:21:33 le0 pecan.nut.com :00:0c:e0:80:b1 le0 almond.nut.com SP 08:00:20:22:fd:51 le0 BASE-ADDRESS.MCAST.NET SM 01:00:5e:00:00:00 67

68 Troubleshooting Network Access ; IP_Address MAC_Address => ARP (20 ) # arp -d host_name # arp -s host_name MAC_address 68

69 Troubleshooting Network Access netstat command # netstar -i Name Mtu Net/Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue le nuts.com almond le loopback localhost Too many Collisions Dividing Ethernet (i) Switch (ii) Router 69

70 Troubleshooting & Monitoring (1) Diagnostic Tools (2) Testing Basic Connectivity (3) Troubleshooting Network Access (4) Checking Routing and Name Service (5) Analyzing Protocol Problem (6) SNMP; Simple Network Management Protocol 70

71 Checking Routing netstat command (-rn option) % netstat -rn Routing tables Destination Gateway Flags Refcnt Use Interface UH lo0 default UG U le UG le UG le UG le0 % netstat -rn grep UG le0 71

72 Checking Routing ( ) % ping -s sunsite.une.edu 56 2 (*) sunsite.une.edu= PING sunsite.unc.edu: 56 data bytes sendto: Network is unreachable ping: wrote sunsite.une.edu 64 chars, ret=-1 sendto: Network is unreachable ping: wrote sunsite.une.edu 64 chars, ret= sunsite.une.edu PING Statistics packets transmitted, 0 packet received, 100% packet loss % netstat -rn grep <= check route for % (*) no response... % netstat -rn grep def <= check default route % default UG le default router ( ) (1)default router Static Dynamic routing 72

73 Checking Routing ( ) Static route ; route add % route add Dynamic route ; routing process check % ps cat /etc/gated.pid PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND 27711? S 304:59 gated -tep /etc/log/gated/log 73

74 Checking Routing; traceroute traceroute command % traceroute da.internic.net traceroute to ds.internic.net ( ),30 hops max, 40 bytes packtes 1 gw-55.nuts.com ( ) 0.95ms 0.91ms 0.91ms ( ) 1.51ms 1.33ms 1.29ms 3 gw225.nuts.com ( ) 4.13ms 1.94ms 2.20ms ( ) 52.90ms 81.19ms 58.09ms 5 washdc1-br2.bbnplanet.net ( ) 6.5ms 5.8ms 5.88ms 6 nyc1-br1.bbnplanet.net ( ) 13.24ms 12.71ms 12.96ms 7 nyc1-br2.bbnplanet.net ( ) 14.64ms 13.32ms 12.21ms 8 cambridge1-br1.bbnplanet.net ( ) 28.84ms 27.78ms 23.56ms 9 cambridge1-crl4.bbnplanet.net ( ) 19.9ms 24.7ms 22.3ms 10 attbcstoll.bbnplanet.net ( ) 34.31ms 36.63ms 32.32ms 11 ds0.internic.net ( ) 33.19ms 33.34ms *... 9 * * * 10 * * * 6 nyc1-br1.bbnplanet.net ( ) 13.24ms 12.71ms 12.96ms 7 nyc1-br2.bbnplanet.net ( ) 14.64ms 13.32ms 12.21ms 8 nyc1-br1.bbnplanet.net ( ) 11.21ms 10.81ms 10.96ms 9 nyc1-br2.bbnplanet.net ( ) 14.14ms 12.32ms 14.23ms : 74

75 Checking Name Service nslookup / dig Command - Remote domain Authoritative Server - Remote host - Remote zone % nslookup Default Server: almond nuts.com Address: > set type=ns > foo.edu. Server: almond.nuts.com Address: foo.edu nameserver = gerbil.foo.edu foo.edu nameserver = red.big.com foo.edu nameserver = shrew.foo.edu gerbil.foo.edu inet address = red.big.com inet address = shrew.foo.edu inet address = > set type=any > server gerbil.foo.edu Default Server: gerbil.foo.edu Address:

76 Checking Name Service ( ) > hamster.foo.edu Server: gerbil.foo.edu Address: hamster.foo.edu inet address = > server red.big.com Default Server: red.big.com Address: > hamster.foo.edu Server: red.big.com Address: *** red.big.com can t find hamster.foo.edu: Non-existant domain hamster.foo.edu ( ) - gerbil.foo.edu - red.big.com :-( 76

77 Checking Name Service ( ) > server red.big.com Default Server: red.big.com Address: > set type=soa > foo.edu Server: red.big.com Address: gerbil.foo.edu foo.edu origin = gerbil.foo.edu mail addr = amanda.gerbil.foo.edu serial=10164, refresh=43200, retry=3600, expire= , min= > server gerbil.foo.edu Default Server: gerbil.foo.edu Address: > foo.edu Server: gerbil.foo.edu Address: Zone-file version ( serial ) foo.edu > exit origin = gerbil.foo.edu mail addr = amanda.gerbil.foo.edu serial=10164, refresh=43200, retry=3600, expire= , min=

78 Troubleshooting & Monitoring (1) Diagnostic Tools (2) Testing Basic Connectivity (3) Troubleshooting Network Access (4) Checking Routing and Name Service (5) Analyzing Protocol Problem tcpdump (6) SNMP; Simple Network Management Protocol 78

79 tcpdump Van Jacobson, Craig Leres, Steven McCanne (LBL; Lawrence Berkeley Lab.,UCB) BSD Packet Filter (BPF) man tcpdump, man bpf (1) Port=25 TCP Dump % tcpdump tcp port 25 (2) ICMP=0,8(echo request/reply) ICMP Dump % tcpdump icmp[0]!= 8 icmp[0]!= 0 79

80 tcpdump Implentation tcpdump tcpdump tcpdump TCP, UDP IP, ICMP, IGMP filter filter filter BPF driver copy of received pckts Device Driver copy of transmitted pckts < kernel > Physical Network (e.g., Ethernet) 80

81 1 (0.0 ) solaris > slip.discard: S 1:1(0) win 8760 <mss 1460> (DF) 2 (0.1016) slip.discard > solaris.33016: S 1:1(0) ack 1 win 4096 <mss 512> 3 (0.5290) solaris > slip.discard: P 1:513(512) ack 1 win 4096 <mss 512> 4 (0.0038) bsdi > solaris: icmp: slip unreachable - need to frag, mtu = 296 (DF) 5 (0.0259) solaris > slip.discard: F 513:513(0) ack 1 win 9216 (DF) 6 (0.0923) slip.discard > solaris.33016:. ack 1 win (0.3577) solaris > slip.discard: P 1:257(256) ack 1 win 9216 (DF) 8 (0.3290) slip.doscard > solaris.33016:. ack 257 win (0.3308) solaris > slip.discard: FP 257:513(256) ack 1 win 9216 (DF) 10 (0.3208) slip.discard > solaris.33016:. ack win (0.0422) slip.discard > solaris.33016: F 1:1(0) ack 514 win (0.1719) slip.discard > splaris.33016:. ack 2 win 9216 (DF) <mss 1460> <mss 296> solaris bsdi slip 512 B (DF) ICMP too big (mss 296) 81

82 Troubleshooting & Monitoring (1) Diagnostic Tools (2) Testing Basic Connectivity (3) Troubleshooting Network Access (4) Checking Routing and Name Service (5) Analyzing Protocol Problem (6) SNMP; Simple Network Management Protocol 82

83 SNMP ; RFC1157 Simple Network Management Protcol UDP port 161 / 162 Client/Server protocol - manager device being managed - agent NMS(Network Management Center) Request / Response protocol - requesting ; manager - responding ; agent Request Types - polling - trap-directed polling 83

84 SNMP Operation SNMP manager SNMP agent get-request get-response UDP port 161 get-next-request get-response UDP port 161 set-request get-response UDP port 161 UDP port 162 trap 84

85 SNMP SMI SMI (Structure of Management Information) ; RFC1155 / Managed object ; object identifier - Global unique name - Hierarchical name structure -ISO s ANS.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) format (*) ISO MIB (Management Information Base) = individual database of management information (i) Network maps (ii) Tabular data displays (iii) Filters (iv) Alarms 85

86 SMI Object Identifiers root ccitt(0) iso(1) joint-iso-ccit(2) org(3) dod(6) internet(1) <= directory(1) mgmt(2) experimental(3) private(4) mib(1) <= enterprise(1) system(1) interface(2) at(3) ip(4) icmp(5) tcp(6) udp(7)... 86

87 SNMP ANS.1 (1) udp ( ) IpAddress IpAddress ::= [APPLICATION 0] -- in network-byte order -- IMPLICIT OCTET STRING (SIZE(4)) (2) udp ( ) udpnoports udpnoports OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory DESCRIPTION The total number of received UDP datagrams for which there was no application at the destination port. ::={ udp 2} 87

88 88

89 TCP/IP 89

90 1 ( ) {gtld} {cctld+nld} SPAM 1 RFC 90

スライド タイトルなし

スライド タイトルなし TCP/IP 1 UTP ISDN FDDI PPP ATM PPP over Ethernet 802.11b 2 TA CSU/DSU ATM ADSL CATV 3 4 MAC 5 FDDI 6 ? 7 ISDN ATM ADSL CATV 8 /ADSL/CATV 9 ATM 10 IP 11 IP IP IP CIDR JPNIC IP 1 4500 12 13 [ 1] whois [

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