特集・総説(44行)/P084~091_特集 赤松・他

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1 84 Vol. 51, No. 2 3 Recurrent disease after liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis 1 Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Organ Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 2 Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women s Medical University Nobuhisa AKAMATSU 1,HirotoEGAWA 2, Norihiro KOKUDO 1 Summary Primary biliary cirrhosis PBC and primary sclerosing cholangitis PSC are major indications for liver transplantation. Despite the advance of medical treatments for these diseases, not a few patients develop cirrhosis and finally require liver transplantation. With the accumulation of experiences of liver transplantations for PBC and PSC, the disease recurrence has become a matter of debate. Although recurrent PBC is usually slow growing and has minimal impact on a patient s prognosis, recurrent PSC significantly impairs patient and graft survival. Moreover, in Japan, where living-donor liver transplantation LDLT is a mainstay for liver transplantation, LDLT-specific factors related with the development and progression of the recurrent disease have been identified by the recent nationwide studies. In this review article, we discuss the recurrent PBC and PSC after liver transplantations, with special reference to LDLT. primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, recurrent disease, liver transplantation primary biliary cirrhosis PBC primary sclerosing cholangitis PSC ursodeoxycholic acid UDCA PBC PSC PBC PSC PSC 1, 2 PBC PSC

2 85 PBC PBC UDCA 2 PBC UDCA PBC 3 PBC UDCA % 66% % 22% 4 PBC model for end-stage liver disease MELD Child-Pugh Mayo Clinic Mayo 5 allocation MELD PBC 6 mg/dl Mayo 7.8 MELD 12 6, 7 PBC 8 5 mg/dl Child-Pugh 8 MELD 15 AST/ALT 6 50% 9 PBC PBC registry % 10 US registry % PBC % PBC 14 PBC US registry 13 PBC PBC PBC PBC 1 35% % 3 PBC PBC 10% PBC PBC PBC PBC PBC Neuberger PBC 15 granulomatous cholangitis florid duct lesion PBC PBC PBC A1 B57 DR44 DR57 allele B48 allele - HLA mismatch / /

3 86 移 植 Vol. 51, No. 2 3 表 1 肝移植後の PBC 再発診断基準 1 移植前原疾患 PBC の確定診断 2 肝移植後血清抗ミトコンドリア抗体陽性 3 肝生検による病理学的所見 A 単核細胞浸潤 B リンパ球の集簇 C 類上皮肉芽腫の形成 D 胆管構造の破壊像 再発の確定診断 3 の病理所見のうち 3 項目以上を門脈周囲に認める場合 再発の疑い 3 の病理所見のうち 2 項目を門脈周囲に認める場合 図 1 PBC に対する生体肝移植後の成績 A B A 患者生存率 B PBC 再発率 文献 20 より改変して引用 制剤の種類 tacrolimus cyclosporin などが報告され かった17 Bosch らは予防的な UDCA の投与による再 ているが いずれも一定の結論は得られていない 現 発 PBC の頻度の低下を報告した19 すなわち UDCA 時点では 肝移植後 PBC 再発の確固たる危険因子は 投与群では 年累積再 発 率 が % 存在しない であるのに対し 非投与群では % であっ 再発 PBC の経過はきわめて緩徐であり ほとんど た 一方 本邦における PBC に対する肝移植後レシ 予後には影響しないといわれている 欧米からの報告 ピエントに対しては当初より UDCA が投与される場 では 再発 PBC の進行により再移植を要した症例は 合がほとんどである % 3/485 1% 2/154 と報告されており 本 邦では Egawa らが PBC に対する生体肝移植後グラフ 3 PBC に対する生体部分肝移植の全国調査 ト不全で再移植を要した 7 例を検討し PBC 再燃に 難治性の肝 胆道疾患に関する調査研究 班と肝 よるグラフト不全を認めなかったと報告した18 本来 移植研究会による PBC に対する生体部分肝移植の全 の PBC に対する治療同様 再発 PBC に対する治療も 国調査20 の結果を概説する 1994 年より 2010 年に行 UDCA 投与のみである 免疫抑制剤の微調整に関し われた 516 例の PBC 肝移植症例の 年生存 ての報告はない Mayo グループは再発症例の 52% で 率は % であった 図 1A 患者生存に関 UDCA による肝機能の正常化を認めたとしたが 組 する多変量解析では 高齢レシピエント 61 歳 織学的な改善は認めず 長期成績への寄与も認めな HLA mismatch 4 カ所以上 ドナー 夫が有意な危

4 % PBC PBC % 5.1 PBC IgM 554 mg/dl cyclosporin PBC UDCA PBC PSC PSC UDCA The role for UDCA in slowing the progression of PSC-related liver disease is as yet unclear PSC UDCA 6 In adult patients with PSC, we recommend against the use of UDCA as medical therapy 1A 7 population-based study PSC % 21 PSC 22 PSC MELD Child-Pugh PBC PSC QOL 23 MELD 25 Child-Pugh 13 PSC registry % 10 US registry % % PSC % PSC 16, PSC PSC 1988 Pittsburgh PSC % PSC 24, PSC MRC Mayo Clinic 30 PSC PSC

5 88 Vol. 51, No PSC 2 90 / / 3 A B C D 90 E / HLA-DR8 DR52-1, 2 PSC 31, 32 PSC PSC 28% vs 16% 33 PSC 9 34 PSC PSC PSC PSC PBC 36 79% 69% 23 PSC % PSC PSC PSC UDCA PSC PSC % 70 34% PSC ABO % PSC 5 39% % 11 7 PSC MELD 24 - HLA-DR 1 MELD

6 赤松 肝移植後における原発性胆汁性肝硬変 原発性硬化性胆管炎の再発 図2 89 PSC に対する生体肝移植後の成績 A 患者生存率 B PSC 再発率 C PSC 再発後患者生存率 文献 23 より改変して引用 24 一親等ドナーが独立した PSC 再発後の危 ドナー特異抗体 donor specific antibody DSA 制御 険因子であると同定された これらの結果は PSC により生命予後を改善し 初期免疫抑制選択により再 の発症に遺伝的要素が強く関与していることを示唆す 発を予防する戦略の正当性を立証する前向き研究が る所見である 本邦の生体肝移植においては一親等ド PSC については本邦での PSC に対する肝移植の実態 ナーの頻度が高く このことが日本における PSC に と 移植後 PSC 再発症例の実態の解明により より 対する生体肝移植の成績が不良である原因と考えられ 適切な脳死肝グラフト配分確立を目的とした全国調査 た また 予後向上のためには肝不全が進行する前に が それぞれ計画されている これらの研究により 移植することが好ましいが 本邦における早期の肝移 PBC PSC の病態の解明と 肝移植成績のさらなる向 植の頼みの綱である近親者からの生体肝移植は予後不 上を期待したい 良因子であることが同時に示され 本邦での PSC に 対する肝移植は昏迷していると言わざるを得ない 文 献 おわりに 1 Duclos-Vallee JC, Sebagh M. Recurrence of autoimmune disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary PBC PSC ともに原病の病態が解明されていない中 biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis after liver で 移植肝に対する原病の再発症例においては それ transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 Suppl 2 : S ぞれの疾患の発症から病状の進行を詳細に観察 研究 25-S34. できるという意味で 再発症例の詳細な検討は PBC 2 Faisal N, Renner EL. Recurrence of autoimmune PSC の病態解明の手がかりとなる可能性がある 残 liver diseases after liver transplantation. World J He- 念ながら 現在のところ原病の病態解明につながるよ patol 2015; 7: うな知見は得られてはいないが 今後の研究に期待し 3 Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis たい 現在 難治性の肝 胆道疾患に関する調査研 and liver transplantation. Intractable Rare Dis Res 究 班と肝移植研究会主導の下 PBC については抗 2012; 1:

7 90 Vol. 51, No Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bahr A, et al. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on the natural course of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: Murtaugh PA, Dickson ER, Van Dam GM, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis: prediction of short-term survival based on repeated patient visits. Hepatology 1994; 20: European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009; 51: Chapman R, Fevery J, Kalloo A, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2010; 51: ,,,.. PBC ; 53: Genda T, Ichida T, Sakisaka S, et al. Waiting list mortality of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the Japanese transplant allocation system. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: Adam R, Karam V, Delvart V, et al. Evolution of indications and results of liver transplantation in Europe. A report from the European Liver Transplant Registry ELTR. J Hepatol 2012; 57: Singal AK, Guturu P, Hmoud B, et al. Evolving frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation based on etiology of liver disease. Transplantation 2013; 95: ; 50: Kashyap R, Safadjou S, Chen R, et al. Living donor and deceased donor liver transplantation for autoimmune and cholestatic liver diseases--an analysis of the UNOS database. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14: Neuberger J, Portmann B, Macdougall BR, et al. Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: Neuberger J. Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: Khettry U, Anand N, Faul PN, et al. Liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: a long-term pathologic study. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Pimentel S, Talwalkar JA, et al. Long-term survival and impact of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: Egawa H, Nakanuma Y, Maehara Y, et al. Disease recurrence plays a minor role as a cause for retransplantation after living-donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicenter study in Japan. Hepatol Res 2013; 43: Bosch A, Dumortier J, Maucort-Boulch D, et al. Preventive administration of UDCA after liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence. J Hepatol 2015; 63: Egawa H, Sakisaka S, Teramukai S, et al. Long-term outcomes of living-donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis: a Japanese multicenter study. Am J Transplant 2016; 16: Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2013; 58: Williamson KD, Chapman RW. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dig Dis 2014; 32: Egawa H, Ueda Y, Ichida T, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation in Japanese registry. Am J Transplant 2011; 11: Hildebrand T, Pannicke N, Dechene A, et al. Biliary strictures and recurrence after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Liver Transpl 2016; 22: Lerut J, Demetris AJ, Stieber AC, et al. Intrahepatic bile duct strictures after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis or unusual presentation of allograft rejection? Transpl Int 1988; 1: Alabraba E, Nightingale P, Gunson B, et al. Areevaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts.

8 91 Liver Transpl 2009; 15: Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, et al. Clinically recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation: a time course. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: Goss JA, Shackleton CR, Farmer DG, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. A 12-year single center experience. Ann Surg 1997; 225: ; discussion Jeyarajah DR, Netto GJ, Lee SP, et al. Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after orthotopic liver transplantation: is chronic rejection part of the disease process? Transplantation 1998; 66: Graziadei IW, Wiesner RH, Marotta PJ, et al. Longterm results of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 1999; 30: Egawa H, Taira K, Teramukai S, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation: a single center experience. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: Tamura S, Sugawara Y, Kaneko J, et al. Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Int 2007; 27: Kashyap R, Mantry P, Sharma R, et al. Comparative analysis of outcomes in living and deceased donor liver transplants for primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Egawa H, Yoshizawa A, et al. Frequent overlap of active hepatitis in recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after living-donor liver transplantation relates to its rapidly progressive course. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:

1) Delbet P: Retrocissement du choledoque. Cholecysto-duodenostomie. Bull Mem Soc Nat Chir 50: 1144-1146, 1924 2) Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF: Clinicopathologic Features of the Syndrome of Primary Sclerosing

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