P P m Morton & Schwarcz, Zarrillo et al., P No. 315 No. 343 II 3 DNA 201

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1 20 1 p Jpn. J. Histor. Bot Shin ya Shoda 1, Akiko Matsutani 2, Dai Kunikita 3 and Ayako Shibutani 4 : Multi-analytical approach to the origin of charred remains on Yayoi pottery from the Joto site, Okayama C 4 Abstract Unlike the studies on Jomon pottery, much fewer scientific approaches have been conducted to the residues on Yayoi pottery. Charred remains on pottery plays an important role in the reconstruction of edible plant use in the prehistoric time. This paper aims at investigating the origin of charred remains on the Yayoi pottery ecavated from the Joto site in Okayama prefecture. To clarify cooking traces on the pottery, we used three methods, an observation of charred remains by scanning electron microscopy, a carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis, and a starch residue analysis. We found identifiable features of rice on the broken grains that had not fully removed bran. Also the ratios of stable isotope showed that there is no contribution of C 4 plants. The starch grains etracted from the sampled pottery suggested that the residues might contain other starchy foods, although their association with the pottery could not be confirmed. Though some problems remained to be solved, the comprehensive method used in this paper can promote discussion of the edible plant use in the Yayoi period, which has not been verified from botanical perspectives yet. Keywords: charred residue on pottery, dietary reconstruction, stable isotope, starch grains, Yayoi pottery National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, 94-1 Kinomoto, Kashihara, Nara , Japan The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo , Japan Tokoro Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, 384, Sakaeura, Tokoro, Tokoro, Hokkaido, , Japan Hiroshima University Museum,1-1-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima, , Japan 2011 Japanese Association of Historical Botany

42 20 1 P 1 1974 1974 200219742007 P 400 500 m 2001 20012006 2008 Morton & Schwarcz, 2004 2007Zarrillo et al., 2007 1 1 P No. 315 No. 343 II 3 DNA 2010 P No. 315 No. 343 II P 210 cm 140 cm 260 cm 180 80 cm 1 65 No.

2 P P m Morton & Schwarcz, Zarrillo et al., P No. 315 No. 343 II 3 DNA 2010 P No. 315 No. 343 II P 210 cm 140 cm 260 cm cm 1 65 No. 315 No m 1 P Fig. 1 The archaeological contet of ecavated pottery from the Joto site, Okayama (Okayama Educational Board, 1974). 1: Plan and cross section, 2: Ecavated contet No. 315 No No. 315 No S C No. 315 No No No S

43 破損 S5 C1 S4 S5 S4 20cm (1/8) S3 S3 破損 S7 C1 S6 S1 S2 破損 S2 S1 S6 0 C3 C2 <No.315> S8 S9 S10 C3 <No.

the interior of pottery No. 315 (around C3), 3: Charred remains attached to the interior of pottery No.

3 43 破損 S5 C1 S4 S5 S4 20cm (1/8) S3 S3 破損 S7 C1 S6 S1 S2 破損 S2 S1 S6 0 C3 C2 <No.315> S8 S9 S10 C3 <No.343> S7 C2 S8 S9 S10 A B 濃いススコゲ薄いススコゲ 2 1C: S: No. 315 C3 3 No. 343 C3 4 No. 343-C2 Fig. 2 Pottery and samples. 1: Cooking trace of pottery and sampling points (after Kobayashi & Yanase, 2002), 2: Charred remains attached to the interior of pottery No. 315 (around C3), 3: Charred remains attached to the interior of pottery No. 343 (around C3), 4: shapes of samples (No. 343-C2). TM C 15 N C 4 C No C2C3 No C2 No. 315-C2 4 No. 315-C3 2 No. 343-C2 4 IsoPrime EA Micromass, UK 1 3 ANU No. 315 No S1 S5 5 S6 S10 50 μl Loy & Fullagar,

4 Nikon ECLIPSE E a b No No AMS 14 C 1 AMS 1 3 No No No. 315 No. 343 C2 C mm mm 24 No Table 1 14 C dates and calibrated ages of charred remains on Yayoi pottery from the Joto site 13 C 14 C C (yr BP 1) yr BP No.315 C2 dry AD (68.2%) 215AD 80AD (95.4%) 230AD PED No. 343 C2 dry AD (68.2%) 135AD 70AD (95.4%) 220AD PED No.343 C3 60AD (40.4%) 90AD dry 95AD (27.8%) 125AD 20AD (95.4%) 130AD PED C OCal3.10INTCAL04

5 45 3 SEM 1 No. 343 C2 2 No. 343 C2 3 Fig. 3 SEM photos of the samples. 1: Grains from spot C2 of pottery No. 343, 2: Two carbonized grain fragments supposed to be rice from spot C2 of pottery No. 343, 3: Eperimentally carbonized rice grains with pottery (at TUAD). a, c, e: shape; b: detail. 31b, 1d, 1f No mm 8 SEM b, 2d 2 No SEM 6 No a 4d

spot C-3 of pottery No. 315. a, c: shape; b, d: detail. 5 Fig.

2 C/N Table 2 Ratio and contents of carbon and nitrogen isotopes, C/N ratio 13

5 0.2 54.5 2.8 22.8 315C2-3 27.3 0.3 2.6 0.2 54.4 3.4 18.5 315C2-4 28.5 0.3 3.

8 0.2 46.7 3.2 17.2 343C2-1 26.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 43.7 3.7 13.8 343C2-2 25.4 0.1 2.1 0.2 33.

7 3.5 13.5 SEM 200 No. 315 No. 343 33a, 3b 13 C 28.5 0.3 25.4 0.1 15 N 2.1 0.

6 No. 315 C3 SEM Fig. 4 Photomicrograph of two carbonized grain fragments supposed to be rice from spot C-3 of pottery No a, c: shape; b, d: detail. 5 Fig. 5 Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of samples. 2 C/N Table 2 Ratio and contents of carbon and nitrogen isotopes, C/N ratio 13 C 15 N C(%) N(%) C/N 315C C C C C C C C C C SEM 200 No. 315 No a, 3b 13 C N C C NC N C/N Fig. 6 Stable carbon isotope ratios and C/N atomic ratios of samples. 5 C/N No No No. 315

7 47 3 No Table 3 Types of starch grains etracted from residues of potttery No. 315 (no. of grains)(types after Shibutani, 2010) Sample Type of starch grains AI AII AIII BI BII BIII CI CII CIII D S S S S S S S S S S No Table 4 Types of starch grains etracted from residues of pottery No. 343 (no. of grains)(types after Shibutani, 2010) Sample Type of starch grains AI AII AIII BI BII BIII CI CII CIII D S S S S S S S S S S S a, 1b 72a, 2b 73a, 3b No μm 74a, 4b 8 24 μm 75a, 5b 8 34 μm 2 26 μm 76a, 6b μm μm 77a, 7b1 10 μm 7 8a, 8b1 10 μm 79a, 9b μm 710a, 10b No. 343 S1 S4 S μm 711a, 11b12a, 12b 24.3 μm 13 μm 713a, 13b1 10 μm 7 14a, 14b1 10 μm 715a, 15b S5S6S7S9S10 No. 315 No No. 315 No No No SEM No. 315No. 343

48 20 1 7 No. 315 No. 343. 1 10: No. 315 S1:5, 9, 10, S2:1, S3:8, S4:7, S6:3, 6, S8:2, S9:411 15: No. 343 S2:11, 12, S4:14, 15, S8:13ab Fig. 7 Starch grains etracted from pots No. 315 and No.

8 No. 315 No : No. 315 S1:5, 9, 10, S2:1, S3:8, S4:7, S6:3, 6, S8:2, S9:411 15: No. 343 S2:11, 12, S4:14, 15, S8:13ab Fig. 7 Starch grains etracted from pots No. 315 and No. 343 from the Joto site. 1 10: Starch grains from pot No. 315 (S1:5, 9, 10, S2:1, S3:8, S4:7, S6:3, 6, S8:2, S9:4), 11 15: Starch grains from pot No. 343 (S2:11, 12, S4:14, 15, S8:13). a: brightfield, b: brightfield with cross-polarised light P 2001 P μm 4 6 μm No No

9 49 5 Table 5 Taa ecluded in the initial visual comparisons of ancient starch samples and modern reference samples () No. 315 No. 343 Acorus calamus L. Aesculus turbinata Blume Allium victorialis L. subsp. platyphyllum Hultén Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) Schott A. odora (Lodd.) Spach Cannabis sativa L. Cardiocrinum cordatum (Thunb.) Makino var. glehnii (F. Schmidt) H. Hara Castanea crenata Siebold et Zucc. Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky C. sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. e T. Yamaz. et Mashiba Coi lacryma-jobi L. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Corylus heterophylla Fisch. e Besser var. thunbergii Blume C. sieboldiana Blume Cycas rumphii Miq. Dioscorea japonica Thunb. D. opposita Thunb., nom. illeg. Echinochloa utilis Ohwi et Yabuno Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Fagus crenata Blume Glycine ma (L.) Merr. subsp. ma Hemerocallis fulva L. var. kwanso Regel Hordeum vulgare L. Juglans ailanthifolia Carrière Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Nakai L. glaber (Thunb.) Nakai Lycoris radiata (L Hér.) Herb. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Oryza sativa L. O. sativa subsp. japonica O. sativa subsp. javanica Panicum miliaceum L. Pisum sativum L. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Quercus acuta Thunb. Q. acutissima Carruth. Q. aliena Blume Q. coccifera Q. crispula Blume Q. gilva Blume Q. glauca Thunb. Q. miyagii Koidz. Q. myrsinifolia Blume Q. phillyraeoides A. Gray Q. salicina Blume Q. serrata Thunb. Q. sessilifolia Blume Q. variabilis Blume Sagittaria trifolia L. var. edulis (Siebold e Miq.) Ohwi Setaria glauca auct. non (L.) P. Beauv. S. italica P. Beauv. S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold et Zucc. Triticum aestivum L. Typha latifolia L. Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et H. Ohashi var. angularis V. radiata (L.) Wilczek Candidate plants were selected from a reference collection (consisting of 73 species and 49 genera in 2010) based on their known ancient presence in Japan or elsewhere in surrounding areas. SEM 1992a 1991a P SEM 2001 No. 315 No. 343 C/N C 3 C 3 C 4 AAA No. 315 No. 343 ph

of cross cells and tube cells (surface view). No. 315 S6 S10 No. 343 No.

10 : 2: 3: Fig. 8 The structure of pericarp and seed coat of rice grains (Hoshikawa, 1979). 1: Structure of rice grain, 2: Tangential section of bran, 3: Structure of cross cells and tube cells (surface view). No. 315 S6 S10 No. 343 No. 315 No. 315 No. 315 No μm No. 315 No. 343-S1, S4, S Gott et al. 2006; Sivak & Preis 1998 No. 343 No. 315-S9, 343-S8, S9 DNA DNA DNA DNA

11 b1991b1993 DNA P No. 315 No. 343 DNA C 3 No. 315 AINo. 343 AIII DNA 1 Peter J. Matthews AMS pp Gott, B., Barton, H., Samuel, D. & Torrence, R Biology and starch. Ancient Starch Research (R. Torrence & H. Barton, eds.), Left Coast Press, INC., Walnut Creek pp II No. 311: : pp Loy, T. & Fullagar, R Residue etraction. Ancient Starch Research (R. Torrence & H. Barton, eds.), 197. Left Coast Press, Inc., Walnut Creek. 1991a VIII b IV, a b4 16: VI,

12 SEM A B pp Morton, J. D. & Shwarcz H. P Palaeodietary implications from stable isotopic analysis of residues on prehistoric Ontario ceramics. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: : II : pp : DNA 2010: Sivak, M. & Preis, J Starch: Basic science to biotechnology. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research (M. Sivak & J. Preis, eds.), 41. Academic Press, London : No. 105: Zarrillo, S., Pearsall, D. M., Rayond, J. S., Tisdale, M. A & Quon, D. J Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America (PNAS) 105:

;HgS 1998 ;Fe2O kg ; kg 1 Minami et al., S 33 S 34 S 36 S % 0.75% 4.21% S 34 S 34 S Ish

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