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1 19 < > : <lexicalize> <politeness expression> <pragmatics> <nonverbal communication> <para - linguistic features> Part I 1 <stylistics> : Quirk and Greenbaum 1973 : 1 <variety classes> VARIETY CLASSES VARIETIES WITHIN EACH CLASS : Region R1, R2, R3, 1 : 2 : Education E1, E2, E3, 1 :? 2 : Social standing S1, S2, S3, 1 :

2 : Subject matter Sm1, Sm2, Sm3, 1 : 2 : Medium M1, M2, M3, 1 : 2 : Attitude A1, A2, A3, 1 : 2 : Interference I1, I2, I3, : R1 E1 S1 Sm1 M1 A1 <R1 - E1 - S1 - Sm1 - M1 - A1> : R2 E2 S2 Sm1 M1 A2 <R2 - E2 - S2 - Sm1 - M1 - A2> 2 : Canale and Swain 1980 = <communicative competence> Grammatical competence or accuracy is the degree to which the language user has mastered the linguistic code, including vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, spelling and word formation. = <morphs> 2 Sociolinguistic competence is the extent to which utterances can be used or understood appropriately in various social contexts. It includes knowledge of speech acts such as persuading, apologizing, and describing. <speech act> : 4 : 10pm 4 : 30pm

3 21 3 Discourse competence is the ability to combine ideas to achieve cohesion in form and coherence in thought, above the level of the single sentence. <discourse competence> :?? <discourse> 4 Strategic competence is the ability to use strategies like gestures or talking around an unknown word in order to overcome limitations in language knowledge. <strategies> : : : 4 : : : : : : : : : : : : 2 : : : 3

4 : : : : 4 : : : : 1985 : , & 224 : 1 Honorific Expressions 2 Humble Expressions 3 Levels of Speech 4 Expressions of Reserve 5 Expressions of Intimacy a. b. c

5 morphological form : : Dominico Lagana : Keigo : 1983 Keigo : politeness Mr. Honorable Moon 120 Italian tu, voi, Lei German du, Sie French tu, vous : A mastery of keigo means that not only must you know the words but you must also know how, when, and if to use them. DIALOGUE 0 - A J 5 DIALOGUE - KEIGO A : What factors do you take into consideration when you use keigo? J : Well, you think of your basic position, then perhaps how well you know the person you will speak to. You always give strangers the benefit of the doubt and are more polite to them. Then you may think of the age difference between you and the person, and of course the sex difference is important. A : Sounds rather complicated. It s no wonder Japanese who don t know each other seldom start informal conversations with each other as Americans like to do. J : Perhaps. Americans can speak in abstract terms to each other on impersonal topics but human relation must be shown by polite expressions.

6 : 1974 : : : : :? Part II < : > 1. : <categorize> : 287 < : : > 1. : Seidensticker J

7 25 E <linguistic and situational context> <affective meaning> J : 2003 E : Yasunari Kawabata Snow Country Translated by Edward G. Seidensticker Tuttle Publishing Co., 2002 J : p. 26 E : I forgot, she suddenly remarked, with forced lightness. I brought your tobacco. I went back up to your room a little while ago and found that you had gone out. I wondered where you could be, and then I saw you running up the mountain for all you were worth. I watched from the window. You were very funny. But you forgot your tobacco. Here. p Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis 3. : Snow Country Translated by E.G. Seidensdecker = <Honorific Expressions> <Humble Expressions> <Levels of Speech> <Expressions of Reserve> <Expressions of Intimacy>

8 neutral 5. Seidensticker : The Snow Country : Key : J E analysis comment A/C : A/C Suprasegmental features stress, pitch, juncture, intonation, rhythm, tempo, Prosody, Paralinguistic features, Kinesics, Nonverbal features use of time, space, etc. 1 : J - 18 E - 20 Go ahead, try calling someone and talking to her yourself, if you want to. A/C : 2 go ahead, try if you want to 2 : J - 18 E - 20 Isn t it fine that you think you can ask me a thing like that! A/C : Isn t it fine! 3 : J - 22? E - 26 But what can you say to a woman in broad daylight? A/C : You can t say anything. What can you say? 4 : J - 22 E - 26 You take this for a cheap hot - spring town like any other. A/C : You take this for. I wonder if you take this for It may be that you take this for

9 27 5 : J - 25 E - 29 What happened? A/C : What happened, I wonder. 6 : J - 25 E - 29 You must have been very happy, the way you were laughing. A/C : 7 : J - 25 E - 30 Some of the older ones are very attractive, A/C : 8 : J - 26 E - 31 I found that you had gone out. A/C : you had gone out 9 : J - 26 E - 31 I wondered where you could be,. A/C : 2 I wonder where you could be, could where you were, 10 : J - 27 E - 33 The sand flies have come out, A/C : 11 : J - 30 E - 37 Didn t you say you wanted to be friends? A/C : Did you say? Didn t you say? No

10 : J - 39 E - 47 I want you to look close. A/C : Please I would like to ask you to look close. 13 : J - 42 E - 51 You embarrass me, walking by at a time like this A/C : at a time like this? 14 : J - 42 E - 52 I might ask you to come by my house? A/C : 9 might 15 : J - 43 E - 52 How did you know? A/C : how 16 : J - 59 E - 71 The customer is being difficult. A/C : 13 sir madam, ma am <social context> 17 : J - 67 E - 81 Why don t you grow a mustache? A/C : no 18 : J - 77 E - 95 I was sure you would be here on the fourteenth, A/C : would will would 19 : J - 84 E Tell me, A/C :

11 29 20 : J - 85 E You ll come once a year, won t you, while I m here? A/C : You come once a year, will = ll won t you? 21 : J - 85 E It will pass in a hurry. A/C : 22 : J - 93 E You didn t grow a mustache after all. A/C : 23 : J - 93 E You always shave yourself nice and blue. A/C : : J - 94 E Get up. Get up, please. A/C : please Get up. Get up : J - 98 E See? A/C : 26 : J E Yes, sir. A/C : sir! sir madam 27 : J E Take a good look at her. A/C :

12 : J E You ll see what I mean. A/C : will = ll 29 : J E Admit it. That s why you came to see me. A/C : 25 A/C 30 : J E You were laughing at me after all. A/C : 31 : J - 126? E Are you going for a bath? A/C : Aren t you going? No 32 : J - 135? E Where have you been? A/C : : J E You didn t know I was seeing you off, didn t you? A/C : 34 : J E You don t need to go any farther. A/C : 33 <paralinguistic features>? 6.

13 <suprasegmental phonemes> <intonation = <pitch> + <terminal juncture>> Cf : <falling> <rising> <level> 1 He is a teacher. <pitch 1 + terminal falling> He is a teacher? <pitch 3 + terminal rising> He is coming tonight. : etc. 2 He IS a teacher. is 3 He is a teacher! <pitch 4 + terminal rising>! <contextual, situational and social context> <paralinguistic features> <politeness feeling> 2 = Non - verbal communication, silent language 1 <kinesics, gesture, body language> 2 3 <space> Cf. 4 <time, timing>

14 : Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis <honorifics> <pragmatics> : Yasunari Kawabata Snow Country Translated by Edward G. Seidensticker. Boston : Tuttle Publishing Co.. Oxford, Rebecca Language Learning Strategies What Every Teacher Should Know. New York : Newbury House Publishers. Peter Cole/Jerry L. Morgan eds Syntax and Semantics Speech Acts Vol. 3. Academic Press. Inc. Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum A University Grammar of English. London : Longman. Seidensticker. Edward G. and others Eds Japanese Culture from Foreign Eyes.. Domenico Lagana. Keigo. : : : Lakoff, Robin. Language and Woman s Place. : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1978.

15 : A Contrastive Study of Politeness Expressions Across Japanese and English With Special Reference to Snow Country by Y. Kawabata and its Translation by E.G. Seidensticker YOSHIDA Takashi This paper attempts to verify the hypothesis that for politeness expressions Japanese tends to depend on lexically developed features while English is likely to rely on pragmatically developed features. After briefly reviewing the stylistics framework Quirk and Greenbaum 1973 and identifying polite speech acts relative to four types of communicative competence Canale and Swain 1980, the paper discusses the politeness expressions which include honorific expressions, humble expressions, expressions of reserve and intimacy by examining the dialogues between the two main characters Komako and Shimamura in the original Nobel Prize novel by Yasunari Kawabata and its English translation Snow Country, by Edward G. Seidensticker. The paper concludes that, as hypothesized, Japanese expresses politeness lexically, i.e., intralingually, while English utilizes suprasegmental, i.e., paralingual and pragmatic means.

10 11 12 33.4 1 open / window / I / shall / the? 79.3 2 something / want / drink / I / to. 43.5 3 the way / you / tell / the library / would / to / me

-1- 10 11 12 33.4 1 open / window / I / shall / the? 79.3 2 something / want / drink / I / to. 43.5 3 the way / you / tell / the library / would / to / me? 28.7 4 Miyazaki / you / will / in / long / stay