THE TIME COURSE OF STRENGTH GAIN DUE TO MUSCLE RECRUITMENT AND HYPERTROPHIC FACTORS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERLY WOMEN RYUTA KINUGASA, SHINO KAWASHIMA,
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1 THE TIME COURSE OF STRENGTH GAIN DUE TO MUSCLE RECRUITMENT AND HYPERTROPHIC FACTORS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERLY WOMEN RYUTA KINUGASA, SHINO KAWASHIMA, KAZUMI MASUDA, RYUICHI AJISAKA, MITSUO MATSUDA and SHINYA KUNO Abstract It has been documented that the adaptive response in muscle force production capabilities is determined by neural activation (recruitment and discharge frequency of motor units) and morphological alternation (hypertrophy). To date, however, accumulation of this information with respect to middle-aged and elderly women has been limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying the time course change in muscle strength gain with respect to the relative contributions of both neural, especially muscle recruitment, and muscle hyper trophic factors in middle-aged and elderly women using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its transverse relaxation time (T2) variable. Fight middle-aged and elderly women (range : years old) and six young women (range : years old) performed isokinetic knee and hip extension/ flexion training twice a week for 8 weeks at an angular velocity of 60 sec (5 repetitions set : 2 sets day), 240 /sec (10 repetitions set : 2 sets clay) and 120 sec (5 repetitions set : 2 sets day) using isokinetic dynamometer. The maximum voluntary strength was determined as the one repetition maximum for isotonic knee extension exercise. MRI was used to determine the muscle volume of quadriceps lemons (QF) muscles. As an index of muscle recruitment, relative activated crosssectional area (%-actcsa) of the QF muscles, which represented an area greater than the resting T2 + 1 SD in MRI pixels, was calculated at rest and immediately after knee extension exercise based on T2-weighted MR images. The isotonic strength, muscle volume, and %-actcsa of QF muscles were measured before and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of resistance training. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine which factors (recruitment or hypertrophy) contributed to strength gain at the measured each period. As a result, the muscle recruitment factor played a major role in strength gain in the early phase of resistance training in both groups and then the muscle hypertrophic factor gradually dominated over the muscle recruitment factor in the contribution to the strength gain in both groups. In middle-aged and elderly women, however, the time course of muscle hypertrophic factor domination over the muscle recruitment factor was more delayed than that in young women. These results suggest that a longer period of resistance training allowed the muscle to hypertrophy in middle-aged and elderly women, thus physiological determinants (muscle recruitment / hypertrophic factor) that have been altered by aging affect the course of resistance training. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 2003, 52 Suppl : ) key word : resistance training, T2, muscle volume, MRI, skeletal muscle Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba city, Ibaraki , Japan Paculty of Education, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Nippon Sport Science University, Eukasawa, Setagaya, Tokyo , Japan Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of city, Ishikawa, , Japan Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
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5 Table 1. Absolute value of the isotonic strength, muscle volume, %-actcsa, %-actmv and strength to muscle volume ratio, strength to %-actmv ratio of quadriceps femoris muscles during 8 weeks resistance training. Values are means and SE. elderly (middle-aged and elderiy) : n=8, young : n=6. %-actcsa ; percent activated cross-sectional area. %-actmv : percent activated muscle volume (multiplied the muscle volume by the %-actcsa). Asterisks represent differences from the value of the young (* : p<0.05, **
6 Figure 1. The time course of relative changes in the isotonic strength (A), muscle volume (B), and percent activated cross-sectional area (%-actcsa) of quadriceps femoris muscles (C) in the middle-aged and elderly women ( œ) and young women ( ) during 8 weeks resistance training. The relative value was expressed as percent change with respects to the initial value. *, ** ; Significantly different from 0 week (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). ## : Significantly different from 2 week (p<0.01)., : Significantly different from 4 week (p<0.05, p<0,01, respectively). $$ : Significantly different from 6 week (p <0.01). Significantly different between middle-aged and elderly women and young women (p<0.01).
7 111 中高 年 女 性 の 筋 力 ト レ ー ニ ン グ効 果 Figure 2. Representative middle-aged sets due lemons of thresholded women at rest at a load equal white portion muscles, to muscle の%-actCSAの -actcsaの examples elderly of 10 repetitions riceps W-Tr前 and and to 30% after magnetic after resonance images knee extension exercise one repetitions maximum. of their exercise image is considered from with In quad- to be activated contraction. も 大 き く,そ 初 期 値 と 全 て の 週 の% 変 化 率 と の間 に は,両 群 と も に有 意 な 目 と8週 れ ぞ れ73.7と50.9%で あ っ た の に 対 し て,筋 度 は そ れ ぞ れ32.0と47.1%で 力増 加 に対 す る筋 の 動 員 と筋 肥 大 との 相 あ っ た.6週 目 に お け る筋 の 動 員 の 貢 献 度 はそ れ ぞ れ 8.4%と7.1%で 相 関 関 係 は 認 め ら れ な か っ た. D.筋 one four 肥大 の貢献 あ り,筋 肥大の方が 筋 の 動 員 の 貢 献 度 よ り も 高 値 を 示 し た. 対 的 貢献 度 Figure3に は,筋 力 増 加 の 要 因 と して の筋 の動 E.大 腿 四 頭 筋 の%activated Figure4に 員 と 筋 肥 大 と の 相 対 的 貢 献 度 の 変 化 を 示 し た.中 は,大 MV 腿 四 頭 筋 の%-actMVの 変化 変化 高 年 群 の 筋 力 増 加 に 対 す る 筋 の 動 員 の 真 献 度 は, 率 を 示 し た.中 高 年 群 に お け る%-actMVの W-Tr開 率 は,W-Tr前 と比 較 し て,W-Tr開 始 後2週 目,4週 れ ぞ れ72.9,64.0お 目 お よ び6週 よ び61.2%で あ り,い 筋 肥 大 の 貢 献 度 よ り も高 値 で あ っ た.し ら,8週 目 に は,筋 ま り,筋 肥 大 の 貢 献(33.3%)が り も 高 値 を 示 し た.一 目に は そ ずれ も か しなが の 動員 の 貢 献 度 は3.2%に 方,若 留 筋の動員の ものよ 年 群 の2週 目 と4週 目 にお け る筋 の 動 員 の 貢 献 度 は 筋 肥 大の もの よ り 始 後4週 に7.4%の 有 意 な 増 加 が 認 め ら れ た(P<0.01).ま た6週目 の%-actMVの 変 化 率 は,4週 目の もの と 比 べ て 有 意 な 高 値 を 示 し(p<0.01),さ 週tiの%-actMVの 変 化 率 は,6週 ら に8 目 の も の と比 較 し て 有 意 に 高 値 で あ っ た(p<0.05).一 年 群 に お け る%-actMVの 目 変 化 率 は,W-Tr前 方,若 と
8 Figure 3. The time course of strength gain show the relative contributions of muscle recruitment (gray) and muscle hypertrophic factors (black) in the middle-aged and elderly women (A) and young women (B) during 8 weeks resistance training.
9 Figure 4. The time course of relative changes in the percent activated muscle volume (multiplied the muscle volume by the %-actcsa) of quadriceps lemons muscles in the middle-aged and elderly women ( œ) and young women ( ) during 8 weeks resistance training. The relative value was expressed as percent change with respects to the initial value. ** : Significantly different from 0 week (p<0.01). #, ## : Significantly different from 2 week (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). : Significantly different from 4 week (p<0.01). $ : Significantly different from 6 week (p<0.05). Significantly different between middle-aged and elderly women and young women (p<0.05, Figure 5. The time course of relative changes in the ratio of isotonic strength to muscle volume (MV) of quadriceps femoris muscles in the middle-aged and elderly women ( œ) and young women ( ) during 8 weeks resistance training. The relative value was expressed as percent change with respects to the initial value. *, ** : Significantly different from 0 week (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). ## : Significantly different from 2 week (p <0.01). Values are means }SE. p<0.01, respectively). Values are means } SE. Figure 6. The time course of relative changes in the ratio of isotonic strength to the percent activated muscle volume (%-actmv) of quadriceps femoris muscles in the middle-aged and elderly women ( œ) and young women ( ) during 8 weeks resist ance training. The relative value was expressed as percent change with respects to the initial value. * * : Significantly different from 0 week (p<0.01). ## : Significantly different from 2 week (p<0.01)., : Significantly different from 4 week (p< 0.05, p<0.01, respectively). : Significantly dif ferent between middle-aged and elderly women and young women (p<0.05).
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