Vol.55 No (Apr. 2014) SSD 1,a) , SSD Solid-State Drive SSD HDD Hard Disk Drive SSD HDD SSD SSD HDD SSD HDD SSD HDD
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1 SSD 1,a) , SSD Solid-State Drive SSD HDD Hard Disk Drive SSD HDD SSD SSD HDD SSD HDD SSD HDD SSD HDD HDD Linux HDD SSD A Power-saving Technique for Disk Systems Using a SSD as a Disk Cache Ryuichi Sakamoto 1,a) Keisuke Nishina 1 Mikiko Sato 1 Mitaro Namiki 1 Received: May 1, 2013, Accepted: January 8, 2014 Abstract: Solid-State Drive (SSD) takes higher performance at random accesses and consumes lower power than Hard-Disk Drive (HDD). However, SSD is more cost per bytes than HDDs. Therefore, implementing the cost-effective method using SSD is needed. This paper proposes the power control system of HDD added to SSD disk-cache system. The system uses SSD as HDD disk block. The system detects idle time of HDD and spindown HDD automatically. The disk cache system implementation uses block device driver in Linux. The evaluation results in the SSD cache on some filesystems show that if the SSD cache is working effectively, energy efficiency is improved. Keywords: SSD, disk cache, device driver, filesystem, energy management 1. HDD 1 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo , Japan a) r-sakamoto@namikilab.tuat.ac.jp 30% [1] NAND SSD SSD HDD HDD HDD SSD c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1389
2 1 SSD Fig. 1 The example of a memory hierarchy with SSD. 1 SSD [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] SSD HDD HDD SSD HDD I/O SSD HDD HDD SSD [7] SSD HDD SSD HDD SSD HDD read write I/O HDD HDD HDD I/O Linux HDD 2. I/O SSD HDD I/O HDD SSD HDD Solaris ZFS [3] Solaris ZFS L2ARC Level 2 Adaptive Replacement Cache ZIL ZFS Intent Log SSD ZFS Flashcache [4] SSD HDD Linux I/O SSD 4KB 16 KB bit 100 GB SSD 4KB 600 MB Flaz [5] Linux I/O HDD SSD SSD CPU SieveStore [6] SSD SSD SSD HDD HDD I/O [8], [9], [10] HDD I/O HDD SSD SSD HDD Intel Turbo Memory [2] PCI-Express SSD c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1390
3 HDD SSD 3. SSD SATA SSD HDD SSD OS HDD OS 2 Linux HDD I/O HDD SSD Linux HDD 3.1 SSD HDD SSD HDD HDD SSD 1 SSD HDD SSD SSD I/O I/O SSD HDD SSD SSD [7] HDD SSD HDD SSD 3 SSD 2 N N HDD SSD 2 M M HDD HDD HDD SSD HDD 1 HDD HDD HDD SSD LRU 2 SSD Fig. 2 The system structure of a SSD cache system. 3 SSD Fig. 3 SSD cache management overview. c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1391
4 SSD HDD SSD HDD SSD SSD SSD HDD I/O SSD HDD HDD 3.2 HDD SSD HDD I/O HDD HDD I/O BET: Break-Even Time BET HDD BET SSD SSD HDD I/O 4 Fig. 4 State transition diagram of the spindown control. 5 Fig. 5 Pseudocode of the spindown control. 4 active HDD wait wait 1 HDD active wait HDD spindown T th spindown HDD spindown HDD active 5 HDD I/O (i) HDD I/O HDD I/O idle time (ii) HDD I/O idle time (iv) idle time tth ( iii ) BET BET BET T th c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1392
5 T th 3.3 SSD HDD HDD SSD HDD HDD Fig. 6 6 HDD SSD The energy consumption model of HDD and SSD. 3.2 T th T th HDD HDD SSD T th SSD HDD SSD HDD Wactive hdd SSD Wactive ssd HDD Wsleep hdd HDD Espinup hdd HDD T spinup HDD W active HDD W sleep HDD SSD HDD SSD W active = Wactive hdd + Wactive ssd (1) W sleep = Wsleep hdd + Wactive ssd (2) SSD HDD I/O HDD I/O n C(n) HDD 10 3 C(10) = 3 C(n) T th T th T th T th T th 2 6 HDD I/O n T th (a) HDD SSD Eactive hdd Essd active n T th (b) HDD (Eactive hdd Ehdd sleep ) SSD (Eactive ssd ) HDD (Espinup hdd ) HDD I/O E th E active,sleep,spinup E all E all = E th + E active,sleep,spinup (3) E all T th T th E active,sleep,spinup E active E sleep E spinupall E active,sleep,spinup = E active + E sleep + E spinupall (4) (3) E th (1) W active HDD T th E th = W active nc(n) (5) n=1 HDD C(n) HDD I/O n T th n=1 nc(n) (4) E active (1) W active c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1393
6 T exe E active = W active T th C(n) (6) n=t th T exe n=t th C(n) T exe I/O (4) E sleep (2) HDD W sleep n T th T exe E sleep = W sleep (n T th )C(n) (7) n=t th n T th T th HDD C(n) HDD (4) E spinupall 1 E spinup T exe E spinupall = E spinup C(n) (8) n=t th HDD E spinup SSD E spinup = E hdd spinup + T spinup W ssd active (9) C(n) (1) (9) E all E all T th T th T th HDD SSD 4. HDD device-mapper [12] device-mapper Linux 2.6 SSD I/O I/O device-mapper 7 Fig. 7 The structure overview of disk-cache driver. device-mapper I/O dm-ssd 7 device-mapper I/O dm-ssd dm-ssd I/O I/O dm-ssd dm-ssd device-mapper I/O I/O device-mapper I/O I/O 4.1 device-mapper I/O device-mapper I/O I/O I/O device-mapper ioctl device-mapper dm-ssd dm-ssd device-mapper /dev/mapper/ control device-mapper 4.2 HDD HDD device-mapper ioctl c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1394
7 HDD I/O Tth HDD I/O HDD 4.3 SSD 3.3 SSD HDD I/O dm-ssd HDD I/O ioctl I/O HDD 3.3 T th HDD SSD 5 (ops/j) 5 (1) HDD HDD (2) SSD SSD (3) SSD SSD 100 GB SSD GB (4) SSD HDD (5) Flashcache FIFO LRU LRU 1 SSD Table 1 System parameters of SSD cache for the experiments. SSD 100 GB 4KB 256 Flashcache Flashcache Flashcache SSD ext3 xfs nilfs Filebench [13] 4 fileserver ID varmail webserver 16 KB oltp MB KB 2 I/O Filebench Read Write [15] I/O 10 5 (ops/s) c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1395
8 Table 2 2 Parameters of the workload for the experiments. I/O Read Write R/W webserver 32 KB 20,000 1MB 16 KB :1 fileserver 256 KB 50,000 1MB 16 KB 100 1:2 varmail 16 KB 50,000 1MB 16 KB 100 1:1 oltp 0.8GB 10 2KB 2KB :1 CPU Table 3 3 The environtment for the evaluation. Xeon X GHz 4GB SATA 3 Gbps Linux (x86 64) HDD SATA rpm 1 TB Segate Barracuda ST AS SSD SATA 2.5 MLC 100 GB OCZ Technology Vertex 2 EX Table 4 4 HDD (W hdd Specification of HDD. active ) (W hdd sleep ) (E hdd (T spinup ) BET spinup ) 5.15 W 1.14 W 74.7 J (ops/j) 3 1TB 3.5 SATA HDD 100 GB 2.5 SATA SSD 4 HDD SSD Wactive ssd 0.62 W ST I/O HDD T th I/O HDD BET HDD Tth BET fileserver ext3 webserver ext3 webserver xfs oltp xfs T th =1 T th fileserver ext3 T th =17 T th webserver ext3 webserver xfs T th 8 BET 2 T th =1 oltp xfs T th 8 oltp xfs HDD T th =9 5.3 (ops/j) HDD SSD I/O c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1396
9 Fig. 8 8 HDD I/O Time interval of an I/O demand of HDD for every benchmark. Fig. 9 9 Energy calculated from the energy model for the spindown threshold fileserver webserver varmail oltp 1J (ops/j) 10 SSD varmail 3.2 c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1397
10 oltp 1.7 fileserver SSD 1.88 Flashcache varmail 10 Fig. 10 Power efficiency of benchmarks. 5 HDD fileserver 11 varmail 59 oltp HDD SSD fileserver varmail webserver fileserver xfs 2.5 varmail ext3 3.2 varmail xfs 3.7 varmail nilfs 3.8 webservser xfs 3.2 webserver nilfs 3.4 oltp nilfs SSD HDD Fig. 11 Power consumption of the benchmark and systems. 12 Fig. 12 Energy efficiency of the benchmark and systems. c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1398
11 13 3, HDD BET 13 fileserver xfs varmail webserver oltp ext3 nilfs 8 SSD HDD I/O HDD oltp xfs 2 xfs oltp % 8 HDD oltp xfs 14 nilfs varmail webserver 13 Fig. 13 The ratio of the spindown time to a total execution time. oltp BET 10 SSD nilfs 0.1% nilfs SSD ext3 xfs webserver nilfs 10 xfs webserver 40 I/O SSD 3 xfs webserver SSD I/O I/O read/write 15 SSD I/O Fig The number of times of spindown. 15 I/O Fig. 15 The number of I/Os request. c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1399
12 16 SSD Fig. 16 Cache miss ratio. I/O SSD SSD 16 fileserver SSD I/O 4 ext3 nilfs 5% SSD ext3 nilfs 16 write HDD HDD I/O HDD varmail webserver I/O HDD write 0% write SSD HDD webserver I/O 4 write SSD xfs nilfs HDD BET ext3 BET read xfs nilfs oltp I/O write read ext3 nilfs 0.1% oltp xfs webserver 8 read I/O I/O HDD 8 SSD ext3 fileserver webserver oltp ext3 xfs nilfs SSD HDD read ext3 xfs nilfs SSD fileserver ext3 nilfs SSD SSD 50 GB 10 GB 5GB SSD 100 GB 12 5 Tth SSD HDD+SSD HDD HDD 3 (A) SSD 15 (B) SSD 12 (C) SSD 9 c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1400
13 5 SSD Table 5 Energy efficiency of the SSD cache system with small capacity. 6 SSD Table 6 Evaluation in case that the energy efficiency does not improve in the situation of SSD cache block overflow. 5 HDD+SSD HDD SSD (A) 5 HDD+SSD HDD 100 GB 10 SSD (B) 100 GB fileserver ext3 nilfs 2 (C) (C) SSD miss 6 3 SSD HDD+SSD HDD HDD SSD (1) HDD (2) HDD+SSD HDD HDD (1) SSD (2) HDD (1) 10 GB webserver ext3 5GB webserber ext3 xfs SSD 70% 5 (B) 70% (B) (1) SSD SSD c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1401
14 6. SSD HDD HDD HDD HDD 21 SSD 2.5 nilfs 3 HDD I/O T th 1 HDD SSD B [1] Yoder, A.G.: Green Storage Technologies, CAPEX and OPEX, Storage Networking World Spring 2011 (SNW Spring 2011) (online), available from uploads/201592e0 5a06cffedbfcb3a9d30ca726 Yoder Tuesday 0305 SNWS 11.pdf (accessed ). [2] Matthews, J., Trika, S., Hensgen, D., et al.: Intel Turbo Memory: Nonvolatile disk caches in the storage hierarchy of mainstream computer systems, ACM Trans. Storage (TOS), Vol.4, No.2, pp.1 24 (2008). [3] Oracle Corporation: Solaris ZFS Administration Guide, Oracle Corporation (online), Part No: , available from (accessed ). [4] Srinivasan, M.: Facebook Flashcache, available from (accessed ). [5] Makatos, T., Klonatos, Y., Marazakis, M., et al.: Using transparent compression to improve SSD-based I/O caches, Proc. 5th European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys 10 ), pp.1 14 (2010). [6] Pritchett, T. and Thottethodi, M.: SieveStore: A highlyselective, ensemble-level disk cache for cost-performance, Proc. 37th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 10 ), pp (2010). [7] SSD Linux Vol.53, pp (2012). [8] Yao, X. and Wang, J.: RIMAC: A novel redundancybased hierarchical cache architecture for energy efficient, high performance storage systems, Proc. 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006 (EuroSys 06 ), pp (2006). [9] Papathanasiou, A.E. and Scott, M.L.: Energy efficient prefetching and caching, Proc. Annual Conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATEC 04 ), pp (2004). [10] Li, D. and Wang, J.: Eeraid: Power efficient redundant and inexpensive disk array, Proc. 11th Workshop on ACM SIGOPS European Workshop (EW 11 ), pp (2004). [11] Ye, L., Lu, G., Kumar, S., et al.: Energy-efficient storage in virtual machine environments, Proc. 6th ACM SIG- PLAN/SIGOPS International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments (VEE 10 ), pp (2010). [12] sourceware.org: Device-mapper Resource Page (online), available from (accessed ). [13] Sourceforge: Filebench (online), available from index.php?title=main Page (accessed ). [14] Katcher, J.: PostMark: A new filesystem benchmark, Network Appliance Technical Report TR3022, pp.1 8 (1997). [15] Sehgal, P., Tarasov, V. and Zadok, E.: Optimizing energy and performance for server-class file system workloads, ACM Trans. Storage, Vol.6, No.3, pp.10:1 10:31 (2010) c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1402
15 IEEE ACM IEEE c 2014 Information Processing Society of Japan 1403
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