壁塗り交替についての考察
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4 0. (1) a. She wrote the letter to him. b. She wrote him the letter. (2) a. The doctor advised that I should have a rest. b. The doctor advised me to have a rest. (3) a. She is certain to come. b. It is certain that she will come. (4) a. Your question is impossible to answer. b. It is impossible to answer your question. (5) a. He insists on attending the meeting himself. b. He insists that he will attend the meeting. (6) a. We waited for the doctor s arrival. b. We waited for the doctor to arrive. ( ) (7) a. John sprayed paint on the wall. ( 2001:101) b. John sprayed the wall with paint. (ibid.) Bolinger, D. (1977) Meaning and Form. Longman. ( (1981) ) (8) a. John smeared paint on the wall. 3
5 b.john smeared the wall with paint. ( 2001: 100) (9) a. John wrote this book. b. This book was written by John. (8) John (paint) (the wall) (9) (spray paint alternation) paint the wall (8a) (fill type) 1 (8b) (pour type) ( 2001) Spray/load type : [ ] grease, brush, dab, rub, smear, spread, streak [ ] heap, pile, stack [ ] inject, spatter, splash, spray, sprinkle, scatter, sow, strew [ ] load, pack, stock (10) a. Jack sprayed paint on the wall. (Tadao Maruta 1997:97) b.jack sprayed the wall with paint. (ibid.) (10a) (10b)
6 swarm type : [ ] beam, burn, blaze, flare, flash, gleam, glitter, shine, twinkle [ ] babble, bang, beep, buzz, chatter, clap, click, crack, explode, fizz growl, hiss, knock, murmur, patter, ring, roar, thunder, wheeze [ ] drip, gush, ooze, splash, spout, stream, sweat [ ] echo, resonate, sound [ ] bloom, blossom [ ] dance, quiver, shake, tremble [ ] abound, bustle, crawl, creep, hop, run, swarm, swim (11) a. Bees are swarming in the garden. ( :61 ) b. The garden is swarming with the bees. (ibid.) (11a) (11b) 2 clear type : [ ] clear, clean, drain, empty (12) a. John cleared the dishes from the table. ( 2001:103) b. John cleared the table of the dishes. (ibid.) (12a) the table from (12b) the dishes (12a) (12b) of of rob/deprive someone of something( ) the table of dishes wipe type : [ ] dab, distill, dust, erase, flush, polish, rub, scratch, shave, smooth, sweep, wash, wear, weed, wipe [ ] brush, comb, file, filter, hose, iron, mop, rake, shear, shovel, towel, vacuum (13) a. John wiped his fingerprints off the door. ( 2001:103) b. John wiped the door ( of his fingerprints). (ibid.) 5
7 (13a) off (13b) Clear fingerprints the door off b. the door fingerprints of [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (14) a. ( 2001:104) b. (ibid.) ( ) ( ) ( ) (14a) b. (14b) with (15) a. b. ( ) ( ) ( ) clear [ ] [ ] [ ] 6
8 (16) a. ( 2001:104) b. (ibid.) c. (ibid.) clear clear of (16c) wipe fill Fill type : fill, cover, encrust, face, inlay, inundate, pave, plate, shroud (17) a. Henry filled water into the bucket. b.henry filled the bucket with water. (Tadao Maruta 1997) water (17a) Fill Pour Pour type :[ ] put, set, lay, hang [ ] attach, glue, nail, paste, stable, tape, stick [ ] pour, dribble, drizzle, ladle, spill [ ] emit, excrete, (18) a.liza poured water into the pitcher b.liza poured the pitcher with water. (19) a.she dribbled paint onto the floor. b.she dribbled the floor with paint. (Tadao Maruta 1997) fill pour (18a)(19a) 7
9 (20) a.john smeared paint on the wall. b.john smeared the wall with paint.( 2001:100) 2 (20a) (20b) paint (20a) ( partitive in the wall (20b) ( holistic interpretation ) terpretation ) (21) a. John smeared paint on the wall, but most of the wall didn t get any paint on it. b. John smeared the wall with paint, but most of the wall didn t get any paint on it. ( 2001:107) (21a) (21b) (22) a. Bees are swarming in the garden, but most of the garden has no bees in it. b. The garden is swarming with bees, but most of the garden has no bees in it. ( 2001:107) (22a) (22b)
10 (23) a b. 2 (23a) (23 ) (24) a. Sally sent a letter to Harry. ( 1996:82) b. Sally sent Harry a letter. (ibid.) (25) a. She made some coffee for us. (1996:85) b. She made us some coffee. (ibid.) 2 (24a) (25a) (24b) (25b) ( 2001) 3 to for (NP)
11 (PP) on, at, into (26) a. Sue put a vase on the table.( 2001:132 ) b. Mother poured milk into the glass.(ibid.) (27) a.bill gave his car to Mary. b.john mailed a letter to Sue. c.mother baked a cake for me. ( 2001:132 ) (26a) (26b) (27a) Bill Mary (27b) Sue Sue (27c) (23) put (28) a.bill gave Mary his car. b.bill gave his car to Mary. (29) a.sue put a vase on the table. b. Sue put the table a vase. ( 2001:132 ) O1 O2 S V O O2 HAVE 10
12 (28) O1 Mary O2 his car (29) O1 the table O2 a vase To (30) a. Sally sent a letter to Harry. ( 1996:82) b. Sally sent Harry a letter. (ibid.) (31) a. Sally sent a letter to London. (ibid.) b. Sally sent London a letter. (ibid.) send letter 2 (30) letter Harry (31) London London letter (32) a. John sent the letter to the government.( 2001:135) b. John sent the government the letter.(ibid.) (32) (32a) (32b) The government The government (32a) (32b) the letter For Make,cook,sing 2 for (33) a. John made a model plane for his son. b. John made his son a model plane. = his son HAVE a model plane ( 2001:137) (33a) (33b) 11
13 (34) a. John opened the door for Mary.( 2001:137) b. John opened Mary the door.(ibid.) (34a) for Mary Mary for (transitivity) (35) a. Jack sprayed paint on the wall. (Tadao Maruta 1997) b. Jack sprayed the wall with paint. (ibid.) (35a) (35b) (transitivity) (transitivity)
14 (36) a. Mary sang. ( 1991:89 ) b. Mary sang to the baby. (ibid.) c. Mary kissed the baby. (ibid.) d. Mary kissed the baby awake. (ibid.) e. Mary sang the baby to sleep. (ibid.) (36a) Mary sing (36b) sing (36a) (36c) kiss the baby (36d) sing (36e) 5 (37) a. A cat bit a rat. ( 1991:27) b. John crossed the bridge. (ibid.) c. John had blue eyes. (ibid.) (37a) (37b) (37c) (37a) (37b) (37c)
15 (38) a. She asked him to leave. ( 1991:60) b..she asked that he leave. (ibid.) (39) a. Sally sent a letter to Harry. ( 1996:82) b. Sally sent Harry a letter. (ibid.) (38) that (38b) (38a)he/him ask he (39) a letter (39a) to Harry (39b) Send Harry a letter (40) a. Jack sprayed paint on the wall. (Tadao Maruta 1997) b. Jack sprayed the wall with paint. (ibid.) (41) a. Bill loaded cartons onto the truck. (ibid.) b. Bill loaded the truck with cartons. (ibid.) (40a) paint on paint paint the wall 14
16 (40b) the wall paint the wall the wall paint (41) cartons (41a) cartons truck truck (41b) cartons truck ( 1996) (41a) (41b) (41a)Jack did something to paint (41b) Jack did something to the wall 6 (42) a. John cleared the dishes from the table. ( 2001:103) b. John cleared the table of the dishes. (ibid.) (42a) the dishes the dishes table (42b) the table table the dishes (43) a.bees are swarming in the garden. ( :61 ) b.the garden is swarming with the bees. (ibid.) 6 ( ) 15
17 7 ( : 61 ) (44) a. Henry filled water into the bucket.(tadao Maruta 1997) b.henry filled the bucket with water.(ibid.) (45) a.liza poured water into the pitcher.(ibid.) b.liza poured the pitcher with water.(ibid.) fill fill (44a) water fill pour pour (45b) the pitcher pour ( 1996) ( 2001) 8 7 :
18 (46) (46) > < > < > 1 3 ( ) ( ) (47) > < ( ) < > pour (48) John poured water into the glass. ( 2001:109) Pour 1 ( ) (49) > < ( ) < > pour pour X Y Z 17
19 fill fill Y Z X Z (50) > < ( ) < > fill pour fill X Y Z Y Z X Z (51) (51) > < ( ) < > load (52) a.john loaded hay onto the wagon. ( 2001:111) b.john loaded the wagon with hay. (ibid) (52a) pour ( ) hay (52b) fill the wagon 18
20 ( ) 0. (7) (7) a.john sprayed paint on the wall. ( 2001:101) b.john sprayed the wall with paint. (ibid.) (7a) (paint) pour ( ) (7b) (the wall) fill 19
21 1991 > (1996) (1997) (1998) (1995) (1987) Tadao,M. (1997)The Syntax and Semantics of Spray/Load Verbs Kageyama,T.(ed.) Verb Semantics and Syntactic Structure Kurosio Pubilshers Naoki,F. Shigeru,M. and Carol,T. (1985) Verb classes in English and Japanese A case study in the interaction of syntax, morphology and semantics. Lexicon Project Working Papers 3.Center for Cognitive Science, MIT. 20
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W e l c o m e t o J A P A N 254 Singer-songwriter Kyrie Kristmanson I am isolating myself, when I am writing songs. Q: I have heard that you have been writing songs in the middle of nature. Why? A: The
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Thanks for sending me Musashino University International Communication News Letter. I was graduated in 1996, and I came to America in 1998. It has been 10 years since I left Japan. I have a beautiful daughter.
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101 On the Complement Structure of Bare Infinitive Verbs Kazuko INOUE The purpose of this paper is to argue that the infinitival and participial complements of perception verbs and causative verb have,
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eboard 中学英文法問題集名前学習日 13 助動詞 / 〇助動詞の文の形 肯定文 Tom can run very fast. トムはとても速く走れます 疑問文 Can you sing? Yes, I can. / No, I can not [cannot/can t]. あなたは歌えますか? はい 歌えます / いいえ 歌えません 否定文 Bill can not [cannot/can
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To the Conference of District 2652 It is physically impossile for Mary Jane and me to attend the District Conferences around the world. As a result, we must use representatives for that purpose. I have
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目次 1. レッスンで使える表現 レッスンでお困りの際に使えるフレーズからレッスンの中でよく使われるフレーズまで 便利な表現をご紹介させていただきます ご活用方法として 講師に伝えたいことが伝わらない場合に下記の通りご利用ください 1 該当の表現を直接講師に伝える 2 該当の英語表現を Skype
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Die Religion. In this paper, we inquire into the social meaning of the shifting camp into Yabu and of Leprous Refuge by Keisai AOKI in this camp 1930-1932. AOKI had been gave a missionary order to relief
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MESSAGE Dear Rotary Friends and Guests attending the District 2640 Conference, I send my warmest greetings to each and every one of you attending this 2004-2005 District Conference, I wish to express my
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