第 10 回 歩行のバイオメカニクス FF:足部水平 足底面がすべて地面に接地すること (Foot Flat) HO:踵離地 踵が地面から離れること (Heel Off) TO つま先離れ つま先が地面から離れること (Toe Off) 上記の定義に気をつけて歩いてみれば 歩行では両足で身体を支持してい
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1 Jacqueline Perry 2007 Jessica Rose, James G. Gamble, Human Walking, Lipricott Williams & Wilkins, 2006[10] James Watkins, An Introduction to Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise, Elsevier, 2007[9] ( )(stance phase) ( )(swing phase) 10.1: [8] HC (Heel Contact)
2 第 10 回 歩行のバイオメカニクス FF:足部水平 足底面がすべて地面に接地すること (Foot Flat) HO:踵離地 踵が地面から離れること (Heel Off) TO つま先離れ つま先が地面から離れること (Toe Off) 上記の定義に気をつけて歩いてみれば 歩行では両足で身体を支持している両足接地時期がある ことに気が付く これを両下肢支持期 (double stance phase) とよぶ 片側だけに注目すれば まず着地した際の両足支持期と離地する直前の両下肢支持期の 2 つの時期がある あとの節で紹介 するが 両足支持期の中間時点においてヒトの身体重心位置は鉛直方向においてもっとも低い位置 にあり 片足支持期の中間時点においてそれは最も高い位置にあることが知られている 図 10.2: 歩行周期の定義 [8] 歩行周期を定義すると次に 歩行周期に関連するいくつかの定義が決まる step length (right/left) 着地した踵から次に着地したもう片方の踵までの距離 stride length 着地した踵と同側の踵が再び着地するまでの距離 stride width 両足中心線同士の距離 図 10.3: 歩行周期の定義 [10] 表 10.1 には 歩行 1 周期中の時間割合が述べられている 踵接地から次の踵接地までの 1 周期 を 100%として各事象の起こる平均的な時間を示している これによれば平均的な歩行周期では 70
3 62% 38% 10.1: [10] ( 10.5) ( 10.6) 10.6 (iemg) 10.4 ( )
4 10.4: [12] (3cm ) 10.9 ( ) N ( ) ( ) 72
5 10.5: [12] (HC) (TO) % 50% (plantar arch) 10.5 (internal work) (external work) 73
6 E internal = 1 2 m ivi Iω2 i (10.1) W internal = E internal (10.2) (Ep v = mgh) (Ek f = 1 2 mv v,ek f = 1 2 mv f ) ( 7Km ) 3km/h
7 10.6: [12] 75
8 第 10 回 歩行のバイオメカニクス 図 10.7: 歩行時の重心の移動軌跡 [8] 図 10.8: 歩行時の重心の上下運動 (鉛直方向)[15] 図 10.9: 歩行時の重心の上下運動 (鉛直方向)[15] 76
9 10.10: ( )[15] 10.11: ( )[15] 10.12: [15] 77
10 10.13: [15] 10.14: [15] 10.15: [15] 78
11 79 [1] Y.I. Abdel-Aziz and H.M. Karara. Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Close-Range Photogrammetry, pp American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, [2] Kingston Bernard,.., [3] Robertson D., Gordon E., Caldwell Graham, E., Hamill Joseph, Kamen Gary, and Whittlesey Saunders, N. Research Methods in Biomechanics. Human Kinetics, [4] Thompson Floyd,,. (Manual of Structual Kinesiology)., [5] F. Gazzani. A new algorithm for calibrating stereophotogrammetric systems devoted to motion analysis. Human Movement Science, Vol. 12, pp , [6] H.M. Karara G.T. Marzan. A computer program for direct linear transformation solution of the colinearity, and some application of it. Proceedings of the Symposium ib Close-Range Photogrammetric Systems, pp , [7] H. Hatze. High-precision three-dimensional photogrammetric calibration and object space reconstruction using a modified dlt-approach. J. Biomechanics, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp , [8] Perry Jacqueline.., [9] Watkins James. An introduction to biomechanics of sport and exercise. Elsevier, [10] Rose Jessica and Gamble James, G. Human Walking. Lipricott Williams & Wilkins, [11]. 3., [12],.,., [13] Dawson T., J. and Taylor C., R. Energetics cost of locomotion in kangaloo. Nature, Vol. 243, pp , [14] Martin T., P. and Stull G., A. Effects of various knee angle and foot spacing combinations on performance in the vertical jum. Res. Quart., Vol. 40, No. 2, pp , [15],.., [16],,,. 6., 2004.
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79 11 8 11.1 19 11.1.1 100m 100m 1912 10 11.1.2 (42.195Km) 42Km 40Km 42Km,1896 (40Km) 2 58 50 2007 9 2 4 26 11.2 11.2.1 (SL: stride length) (SF: stride frequency, SR : stride rate) 2 1 1 (SL : step length)
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