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1 A new multi-homing architecture based on overlay network Satoshi UDA, Nobuo OGASHIWA, Kenichi NAGAMI, Kuniaki KONDO, Ikuo NAKAGAWA, Yoichi SHINODA, and Hiroshi ESAKI 1. 1 (ISP) School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1 1 Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa , Japan. ( ) Intec NetCore Inc., Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo , Japan. Center for Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1 1 Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa , Japan. Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan. ( ) [1], [2] 2. ISP B Vol. Jxx B No. xx pp xxxx xx 1
2 xxxx/xx Vol. Jxx B No. xx ISP A s address ISP A User The Internet ISP B s address ISP B (a) No multi-home User ISP A s address User s address ISP A User s address The Internet User ISP B s address User s address ISP B (b) Multi-home User User s address 1 Fig. 1 Route advertisements on traditional multihoming ISP CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) [3], [4] ISP ISP ( 1) ISP ISP ISP Prefix ,400 Prefix 17 1, , , , , , , , ( ) Table 1 A number of route entries on the Internet (by each prefix length) ( 1) 2. 2 ISP ( ) RouteScience PathControl 2 BIG- IP Link Controller 3 2RouteScience : 3F5 Networks : 2
3 CDN (Contents Distribution Network) 2. 3 ISP AS (Autonomous System) BGP-4 (Border Gateway Protocol version 4) [5] BGP-4 BGP-4 BGP (DR: Distribution Router) ( ISP) DR DR ( 2) DR (UR: User Router) ISP A UR1 User1 The Internet DR ISP B UR2 User2 ISP C 2 Fig. 2 Overview of our proposed multi-homing architecture 2 ISP (ISP-A, ISP-B) 2 (ISP-A ISP-B ) DR UR ISP ISP-A ISP-B ISP-A ISP-B ISP DR DR ISP DR UR DR UR DR ( ) 3
4 xxxx/xx Vol. Jxx B No. xx 3. 2 DR CIDR ISP DR DR 1 DR 3. 3 DR DR DR (a single point of failure) DR DR UR DR ISP DR UR DR A The Internet DR B ISP A ISP B DR-UR tunnel UR1 User1 3 DR Fig. 3 Using multiple DRs for increasing reliability DR DR ( 3) DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR DR 3. 4 DR UR DR DR 4
5 ISP ISP IP ISP DR UR Anycast DR DR ( ) 2. BGP-4 BGP-4 10 DR UR DR BGP-4 ( ) UR DoS(Deny of Service) DR () UR UR DR 2 2 5
6 xxxx/xx Vol. Jxx B No. xx ISP 2 Table 2 Comparison the proposed architecture with the traditional method DR DR DR RIR (Regional Internet Registries) ISP 20 ISP RIR RIR /8 ARIN /7 APNIC 20 1, (37%) /8 RIPE 19 1, (48%) /8 ARIN 20 2,835 2,516 (88%) /6 ARIN 20 13,703 10,703 (78%) /7 ARIN 20 2,990 1,831 (61%) /7 RIPE 20 1, (43%) /8 RIPE (16%) /8 RIPE 29 3,974 0 (0%) /7 RIPE 29 5,396 0 (0%) /8 ARIN (0%) /7 ARIN 24 8,146 7 (0%) /8 LACNIC 24 4,747 1 (0%) /8 LACNIC /7 APNIC 24 13, (0%) /6 ARIN 24 14, (0%) /7 ARIN 20 8,775 7,637 (87%) /7 APNIC 20 3,665 1,951 (53%) /7 RIPE 19 4,755 2,876 (60%) /8 ARIN 20 6,197 4,982 (80%) /8 RIPE 20 1, (55%) /7 APNIC 20 1, (27%) /7 APNIC (44%) /8 APNIC ARIN: American Registry for Internet Numbers RIPE: Reseau IP Europeens APNIC: Asia-Pacific Network Information Center LACNIC: Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry 3 (CIDR ) Table 3 Routing entries in the Internet in each CIDR block ISP 3 AS CIDR RIR
7 1500 bytes IP IP GRE IP IP 28 bytes 1472 bytes 20 bytes 28 bytes 1500 bytes 48bytes 4 IP Fig. 4 IP fragment arising in encapsulation () () (2.16) 1.92 (0.13) (0.27) (1.94) (5.28) (10.66) (5.72) 6.24 (4.77) (7.73) 7.42 (9.32) (19.67) 5.51 (14.60) (59.17) (64.94) (100.00) (106.36) 4 Table 4 Comparison a distribution of packet lengthes between before/after encapsulation IP IP GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) [6] 28 (IP 20 GRE 8 ) MTU (Maximise Transfer Unit) MTU 1500 GRE MTU MTU MTU MTU 1500 GRE MTU IP ( 4) IP 22% 6% % 6% 6% 5. 7
8 xxxx/xx Vol. Jxx B No. xx AS1 user dr1 R1 user User Network ur Prefix:x.x.x.x/n user dr2 R2 5 Fig. 5 Topology of experimental network AS2 DR UR DR DR DR UR DR DR UR IP over IP GRE DR UR UR DR NetBSD NetBSD 1.6 RELEASE 2 ISP (AS1,AS2) ISP AS DR (dr1,dr2) UR (ur) ( 5) ISP (user) DR ( GRE ) UR DR ( ) 2 AS1 (user) (user) 200ms 4 DV (Digital Video) DVTS 5 (8 ) 6. DR DR DR DR DR 4AS1 DR 20ms 100ms 5DVTS DV UDP 30 / 30Mbps 8
9 DR1A DR2A DR1D DR2D ISP A ISP D The Internet ISP B ISP C DR1B DR2B DR1C DR2C 6 DR Fig. 6 A structure based on multiple DRs 5. DR UR DR UR DR ISP BGP-4 DR ISP 3. 3 DR DR DR DR 6 (1,2,...) DR (1 DR DR1A,DR1B,...) DR DR DR DR 4. 3 MTU MTU MTU IP MTU 7. [1] T. Bates, and Y. Rekhter, RFC 2260: Scalable Support for Multi-homed Multi-provider Connectivity, IETF, January [2] J. Hagino, and H. Snyder, RFC 3178: IPv6 Multihoming Support at Site Exit Routers, IETF, October [3] Y. Rekhter, and T. Li, RFC 1518: An Architecture for IP Address Allocation with CIDR, IETF, September [4] V. Fuller, T. Li, J. Yu, and K. Varadhan, RFC 1519: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), IETF, September
10 xxxx/xx Vol. Jxx B No. xx [5] Y. Rekhter, and T. Li, RFC 1771: A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), IETF, March [6] D. Farinacci, T. Li, S. Hanks, D. Meyer, and P. Traina, RFC 2784: Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), IETF, March xx xx xx ( ) 1987 ( ) CSR/MPLS 1998 () () ( ) 1992 ( ) CSR/MPLS 2001 () 2002 ( ) ( ) BGP ( ) 1993 ( ) 2002 ( ) 10
11 Abstract As a result of the vast Internet growth, a multi-homing technology is being extensively utilized to keep a connectivity to important networks. However, the traditional multi-homing architecture severely impacts routing performance of the Internet making it nonscalable. Furthermore, although it can enhance a reachability, it can not be used to enhance an utilization because it can not assign in-coming traffic to multiple links. In this paper, we propose a new multi-homing architecture which is based on the overlay networking model, providing solutions to these problems. Our architecture improves scalability and realizes a dynamic and flexible line selection for in-coming traffic. Key words Internet, Multi-homing, Overlay network.
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