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- りさこ ほうねん
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1 がん診療と QOL 測定 埼玉医科大学国際医療センター呼吸器内科小林国彦 QOL 調査票を用いた臨床試験の計画 2)QOL 調査が適切な臨床試験 3)QOL 調査票回収のためのシステム 4) サンプル サイズ 5) 調査時点 6) 統計解析について QOL とは?1 QOL とは? 年代 QOL の訳語はなかった (Outcomes Assessment in Cancer, Cambridge, 2005.) How would you rate your overall quality of life during the past week? この一週間 あなたの全体的な生活内容は質的にどの程度だったでしょうか (EORTC QLQ-C30 の翻訳逆翻訳過程で Eur J Cancer 34:810, 1998) WHOの健康についての定義 Health is not only the absence of infirmity and disease but also a state of physical, mental and social well-being. WHOの健康についての定義の変更 Health is a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. QOL 調査票の内容 - Operational definition と総 QOL - Operational definition: 下位尺度 (scale) Physical well-being 身体的健康状態 Mental well-being 精神的健康状態 Social well-being 社会的健全さ Functional well-being 機能 活動性の健全さ Spiritual well-being こころと魂の健全さ Disease Specific Module Treatment Specific Module 総 QOL:QOLは総体的な概念である Global QOL functioning 全体的な生活内容の質 学力 - 科目別評価と総合評価 - 科目別評価: 下位尺度 (scale) に相当国語算数理科社会音楽 総合評価: 総体的な概念 ちゃんは 頭がいい 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 1
2 Disease Specific Module and Treatment Specific Module 1. 信頼性 (Reliability) と妥当性 (Validity) 1) EORTC: Lung Specific Module (EORTC QLQ-LC13) 日本語版 Breast Cancer Module 日本語版 Prostate Cancer-Specific Module 日本語版 2) FACT: FACT-L (Lung cancer) 日本語版 FACT-An (Anemia) 日本語版 FACT-F (Fatigue/anemia) 日本語版 FACT-Bl (Bladder cancer) 日本語版 FACT-C (Colorectal cancer) 日本語版 FACT-Cx (Cervical cancer) 日本語版 FACT-E (Esophageal cancer) 日本語版 FACT-O (Ovarian cancer) 日本語版 FACT-P (Prostate cancer) 日本語版 FACT-Pa (Pancreatic cancer) 日本語版 FACT-BMT (Bone marrow transplantation) 日本語版 FACT-Sp (Spiritual dimension of QOL) 日本語版 1-1) Content validity 内容的妥当性 1-2) Reliability 信頼性 1-3) Convergent validity & Discriminant validity 収束妥当性 と 輻輳妥当性 1-4) Criterion related validity or Construct validity 基準関連妥当性 または 構成概念妥当性 Spitzer WO. Quality of life and functional status as target variables for research. In Guggenmoos-Holzmann I. et. al. ed. Quality of Life and Health, concepts, methods applications, Berlin, Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, 1995, Cross-cultural validation ( 文化差を超えた妥当性 ) 2-1) Functional equivalence (adequacy of translation) 翻訳の適切さ 2-2) Scale equivalence (comparability of response scales) 回答スケールの適切さ 2-3) Operational equivalence (standardization of psychometric testing procedures) 臨床心理学的な妥当性 =1-2), 1-3), 1-4) 2-4) Metric equivalence (transferability of scoring results from one culture to another) 得点の文化間比較 妥当性 Hui C, Triandis HC. Measurement in cross-cultural psychology: a review and comparison of strategies. Cross Cultural Psychol 1985, 16, 東洋からの最初の論文 EORTC QLQ-C30 日本語版 1 FACT-G 日本語版 2 QOL-ACD 栗原班調査票 3,4 Care Notebook 武田班調査票 5 QOL 質問票の検定 : がん 1-1) 1-2) 1-3) 1-4) 2-1) 2-2) 2-4) 1 Kobayashi K, Takeda F, Teramukai S, et al. Eur J Cancer 34: , Fumimoto H, Kobayashi K, Eremenco S, et al. QOL Research 10: , Kurihara M, Shimizu H, Kobayashi K, et al. Psycho-oncology 8:355-63, Matsumoto T, Ohashi Y, Kobayashi K, et al. QOL Research 11: , Kobayashi K, Green J, Shimonagayoshi M, et al. QOL Research 14: , EORTC QLQ-C30 日本語版 1 - 尺度 (scale) と項目 (item) ー Functioning scales Symptom scales Physical 1-5 Fatigue 10, 12, 18 Role 6, 7 Pain 9, 19 Cognitive 20, 25 Nausea/vomiting 14, 15 Emotional Dyspnea 8 Social 26, 27 Sleep disturbance 11 Global QOL 29, 30 Appetite loss 13 Constipation 16 Diarrhea 17 Financial impact 28 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 2
3 EORTC QLQ-C30 日本語版 2 - Global QOL functioning - FACT 日本語版 1 - FUNCTIONAL WELL-BEING FACT 日本語版 2 FACT-G (version3) Social/Family Well-Being, n=180 Factor Q 9 I feel distant from my friends Q10 I get emotional support from my family Q11 I get support from my friends and neighbors Q12 My family has accepted my illness Q13 Family communication about my illness is poor Q14 I feel close to my partner (or main supporter) Q15 I am satisfied with my sex life The values of factor loading more than 0.30 are bold. The yellow values show the predicted subscales from the results with Americans reported by Cella et.al.. FACT 日本語版 3 Mental Well-Being, n=180 Factor Q20 I feel sad Q21 I am proud of how I'm coping with my illness Q22 I am losing hope in the fight against my illness Q23 I feel nervous Q24 I worry about dying The values of factor loading more than 0.30 are bold. The orange values show the predicted subscales from the results with Americans reported by Cella et.al. [7]. Factor 1 is the scale for Functional Well-Being. : ケアノート Care Notebook version 3 FACT 日本語版 4- 日本人肺癌患者の特徴 Social well-beingについて北米と異なり単一因子として抽出されない 日本人は家族と友人を別のレベルで捕らえている ( Familial well-being ) 病気の受け入れ について 北米と異なりFunctional Well-Beingに属さず Familial well-being に属した 日本人は がんを受け入れると家族との関係が強固になるのだろう コーピング という概念は 肺癌の高齢者日本人に馴染まない Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, *#2239, 1998 Quality of Life Research 10:701, 2001 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 3
4 ケアノート DENDROGRAM The dendrogram shows that 3 scales (Physical well-being, Mental well-being, and Life well-being) can explain slightly more than half of the total variance. At 75% of the total variance, Life well-being divided into three subscales (Daily functioning, Social functioning, and QOL functioning, which has 4 items concerning global QOL, satisfaction, happiness, and spirituality). Name of Variable or Cluster P3 P4 P7 P6 P8 P9 P10 P5 P1 P2 M4 M6 M3 M5 M1 M2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L1 L Proportion of Variance Explained ケアノート Life Well-Being for outpatients with cancer physical well-being mental well-being functional well-being social well-being global QOL Physical Well-Being Mental Well-Being Life Well-Being Daily Functioning Social Well-Being Subjective QOL ケアノート Life Well-Being for outpatients with cancer Life Well-Being constructed by Daily Functioning Social Well-Being Subjective QOL satisfaction with life quality of life peaceful feeling happy feeling 主観的な QOL 生活への満足度 QOL 心の安らかさ 幸福感 almost equal to subjective well-being as described by Diener et al. QOL 調査票を用いた臨床試験の計画 2)QOL 調査が適切な臨床試験 3)QOL 調査票回収のためのシステム 4) サンプル サイズ 5) 調査時点 6) 統計解析について 2)QOL 調査が適切な臨床試験 だれが QOL を評価するのか 1) Evaluation from Objective Data Nutritional parameters (albumin, CHE, body weight) Duration of inpatient/outpatient stay Q-TWiST 2) Third-party Evaluation Activity score (KPS, WHO PS, ECOG PS) Toxicity criteria (WHO, ECOG, NCI-CTC) 3) Evaluation by the patient Questionnaires developed to assess QOL in cancer patients Psycology questionnaires (MAS, STAI, SDS) Pain score 2)QOL 調査が適切な臨床試験 1)QOL 調査が適切な臨床試験 Selection of Phase III Protocols for QOL questionnaire* a) protocols using adjuvant therapy for patients at risk of recurrence b) protocols in which the disease site is associated with an extremely poor prognosis c) protocols in which different treatment modalities are compared d) protocols in which treatments of different intensities and/or durations are compared e) protocols in which survival is expected to be equivalent, but quality of life is expected to show treatment-related differences *Moinpour CM, et al. JNCI, 81(7): , 1989 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 4
5 3)QOL 調査票回収のためのシステム 欠損 (data missing) - 欠損の克服 臨床試験において欠損 (data missing) の問題を克服するために QOL 調査票を患者に配布し回収するシステムの構築は重要であり QOL センターの設置と綿密なプロトコールの作成は必須である QOL センターは以下の欠損を鑑別できなくてはならない missing completely at random (MCAR) missing at random (MAR) missing not at random (MNAR) =informative censoring すなわち 患者からQOL 調査票の回答がないとき QOLセンターは患者に問い合わせ 上記の3 者のいずれであるかを調査し MCARの場合は回答を依頼する機能を持たせておく必要がある 4) サンプル サイズ 4) サンプル サイズ QOL 評価を primary end point とする場合 QOL 調査で有意差が検出できるように設定されなくてはならない しかし その算出方法は確立したものはないが ELVIS study* が参考となる *JNCI,91:66-72, 1999 生存期間を primary end point とし QOL 評価を secondary end point とする比較第 Ⅲ 相試験では 生存期間の差を検出するように設定 * * * * QOL 調査は感度が高い 5) 調査時点 QOL 調査時点 CRC(+) 治療前に必ず QOL 調査を行う 両群間で差のでるように設定する 副作用の時点治療効果の時点 data missing の問題から 50% 生存期間内に設定する CRC(-) 治療前に QOL 調査ノートを配布し 初回を回答させる 定期的に可能な限り回答させる 例 : ケアノートでは毎週同じ曜日に回答 6) 統計解析について 生物統計解析 1 経時的な解析方法 (Longitudinal analyses) 線形混合モデル (Linear Mixed Model) 一般化推定方程式 (Generalized Estimation Equations) 欠測 MNAR を許容できない 欠測を補完 (Imputation) せずに欠測メカニズムのモデル化 Pattern-Mixture Model 報告が増えていない 6) 統計解析について 生物統計解析 2- 解決法 最近のトレンド : ある QOL レベルまで悪化するまでの時間を Kaplan-Meier 法で評価し log-rank test で検定を行う報告が増えている この手法では informative censoring の影響を受けにくく また あるレベル以上の QOL をできるだけ長期間にすることが研究の評価目的となり 臨床的にも解釈しやすく 多くの QOL 研究で採用されるであろう QOL 調査票を用いた臨床試験の計画追加スライド 1)QOL 研究の実際例 2)PS 悪化症例では 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 5
6 CPT-11 第 III 相試験 Untreated patients with Stage IIIB / IV NSCLC andecogps0-2 Group West #2 Group East #3 CDDP+CPT11 CDDP+CPT11 80 mg/m2: d1 60 mg/m2: d1,8,15 80 mg/m2: d1 60 mg/m2: d1,8,15 CDDP+VDS 80 mg/m2: d1 3 mg/m2: d1,8,15 CDDP+VDS CPT11 alone Randomize Primary endpoint: Survival Secondary endpoints: Tumor response, TimetoPD, Duration of response, Toxicities, QOL, Costeffectiveness Randomize 100 mg/m 2: d1,8,15 80 mg/m2 : d1 3 mg/m2 : d1,8,15 CPT-11 第 III 相試験 s.e. Cs.1 Cs.2 Cs.3 Cs.4 After treatment Pre W2 W4 W6 W8 W10 W12 W14 W16 AFT1 AFT3 Functional Physical Emotional Psychosocial Face Changes in scores for the QOL-ACD four domains and face scale. Docetaxel 第 III 相試験 Docetaxel 第 III 相試験 QOL changes in D+P and V+P Survival Probability Overall Survival D+P MST 11.4 months V+P MST 9.6 months log-rank test: p= Days after Randomization Tumor Response score before treat. D+P V+P Physical before cycle 2 LSmeans±S.E. before cycle 3 3-month after treat. Higher score indicates better QOL JCO レポート informative censoring に頑健な解析法 Fig 1. Kaplan-Meier curve of time to 5% definitive deterioration of global health status Ajani, J. A. et al. J Clin Oncol; 25: QOL with Doce+CDDP 5FU compared with CDDP and 5FU from a Phase III trial for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenoca: The V- 325 Study Group XX EGFR mutation & TKI 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 6
7 NSCLC with sensitive EGFR mutations detected by PNA-LNA PCR clamp method Stage IIIB/ IV Chemo-naïve ECOG PS years old NEJ002 Study design 1:1 randomization balanced by clinical stage, gender, and institution (250 mg/day) n=160 CBDCA / TXL AUC 6 / 200 mg/m 2 3 weekly n=160 PFS NEJ002 PFS and OS OS Primary endpoint: Progression-free survival (PFS) Secondary endpoints: Overall survival, overall response rate, toxicity profiles, quality of life (QOL) NEJ002 Time to 9.1% (1/11) QOL deterioration Physical well-being Mental well-being Life well-being CBDCA/TXL HR=0.34 log-rank test, P <.0001 Weeks CBDCA/TXL Weeks HR=0.72 log-rank test, P = CBDCA/TXL Weeks HR=0.43 log-rank test, P <.0001 NEJ002 QOL Response CBDCA/TXL Improved Stable Worse Improved Stable Worse P Physical <.0001 Appetite loss Constipation <.0001 Pain & Dyspnea <.0001 Mental Anxiety Irritation Depression Life wellbeing <.0001 Daily functioning Social functioning Subjective QOL In a secondary analysis of QOL responses, patients were classified as improved (>+9.1%), stable (<+9.1%, >-9.1%), or worsened (<-9.1%) for all of the scales and subscales, according to the NCIC CTG standard QOL analysis framework. Chi square test was used to compare the distributions of these three categories between two arms. QOL 調査票を用いた臨床試験の計画追加スライド 1)QOL 研究の実際例 2)PS 悪化症例では 緩和治療期の QOL 評価法 Challenging EORTC QLQ-C15-Pal QOL Research 12(7), 2003 ケアノート Care Notebook QOL Research 14: , 2005 参考看護技術 48(12): , 2002 TECHNICAL TERM 緩和医療 先端医学社 pp60-81, 2002 JCO 21(6):2003 緩和ケア評価ツール の応用 STATS (Support Team Assessment Schedule) J Roy Soc Med, 82:264-7, 1989, Palliative Medicine 12:345-51, 1998 ESAS (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System) J Palliative Care 7:6-9, 1991 PACA (The Palliative Care Assessment) Palliat Med, 9:145-52, 1995 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 7
8 for patients with PS 0-2 症状コントロールと QOL ー EORTC QLQ-C30 日本語版 - PF RF SS EF SF FI LC Coefficient P value for patients with PS 3-4 Coefficient P value Multiple regression analysis Global QOL = a (PF) + b (RF) + c (SS) + PF: physical functioning, RF: role functioning, SS: symptom scale, EF: emotional functioning; SF: social functioning, FI: financial impact, LC: lung cancer module NEJ 001 First-line gefitinib for poor PS patients with EGFR mutations K. Kobayashi, A. Inoue, K. Usui, M. Maemondo, S. Okinaga, I. Mikami, M. Ando, A. Gemma, S. Morita, K. Hagiwara; North East Japan Study Group, Tokyo, Japan ASCO 2008 Eligibility Patients from 20 to 74 years with PS 3-4, those from 75 to 79 years with PS 2-4, those over 80 years with PS 1-4, and, those with life expectancy less than 4 months by BSC alone were eligible. NEJ Study Group NEJ 001 Phase 2 Median OS (17.8 months) of the patients who had sensitive EGFR mutations and were treated by gefitinib was markedly better than that (3.5 months) of our 31 patients without EGFR mutations. And the rate of PS improvement was 79% (90% CI, 67 to 92). ASCO2008J Clin Oncol 研究施設と研究班 埼玉医科大学呼吸器内科埼玉県立がんセンター デイケアセンター東京大学大学院健康科学生物統計教室 Center on Outcomes Research and Education (CORE) EORTC Data Center 厚生省研究班 武田文和班 厚生省研究班 栗原稔班 使用目的を研究者の自己学習用に限り その他への転用を禁ずる 8
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