57 Table 1 アメリカ国内宅配便の種類 (UPSの事例) 種類 サービス名 配送日数 配送時間 運賃 ( ドル ) Express Critical 当日配送 Next Day Air Early 翌営業日午前 8 時 Next Day Air 翌営業日午前 10

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1 56 特集 都市物流の最新事情 / 論説 アメリカにおける宅配便の最新事情 E UPS FedEx USPS The Current Situation of Parcel Delivery Service in the United States Minoru SAITO The American parcel delivery services market has seen rapid growth in recent years. This has been due to the ongoing growth of e-commerce and net purchases, and the rapid corresponding growth in demand for parcel delivery services that cover the last mile. Various parcel delivery service companies, including UPS and FedEx which offer surface as well as air transport; postal service operator USPS; and regional transport companies are advancing their independent business operations. The American parcel delivery services market is currently oligarchical, with major operators strengthening their price dominance, with resultant price hikes occurring on an ongoing basis. This has resulted in increasing logistics costs for net retailers. 1. はじめに E (last mile) Professor, Faculty of Economics, Kanagawa University 宅配便市場の拡大 2-1 宅配便サービスの特徴 package parcel 150 (68kg) ( 56 )

2 57 Table 1 アメリカ国内宅配便の種類 (UPSの事例) 種類 サービス名 配送日数 配送時間 運賃 ( ドル ) Express Critical 当日配送 Next Day Air Early 翌営業日午前 8 時 Next Day Air 翌営業日午前 10 時半 航空宅配便 Next Day Air Saver 翌営業日午後 3 時 nd Day Air A.M. 2 営業日午前 10 時半 nd Day Air 2 営業日終了時 Day Select 3 営業日終了時 陸上宅配便 Ground 1 5 営業日 ) ~ 150 )2016 UPS Rate and Service Guide (億ドル)FedEx ( 年 ) (Ground) (Express) Table 1 (differed) 2-2 宅配便市場の拡大 Fig. 1 UPS(United Parcel Service) FedEx USPS(United States Postal Service: ) ) UPS FedEx USPS ) ) ) ) Fig. 1 アメリカにおける国内宅配便市場 E Fig. 2 ( E ) UPS FedEx (daily average volume) ( 57 )

3 58 ( 億ドル ) B2C 宅配便事業者の特徴 )U.S. Census Bureau News, August 15, Fig. 2 アメリカにおけるネット通販売上高とネット通販比率 ( 四半期ごと ) (brick and mortal) (crick and mortal) E UPS E B2C(business to consumer) 45 B2C (parcel carrier) (postal) (regional carrier) UPS FedEx USPS 3-1 UPS 1907 UPS 100 UPS Table , UPS 31 (package operating facilities)( 8,500m 2 ~ 2,600m 2 ) 17 4,800m 2 ( 58 )

4 59 1,000 ) UPS 35 4, (Teamsters) FedEx Worldport Air Hub 48 3,000m ,000 (regional air hub) ) UPS 2, UPS UPS FedEx UPS ) 3-2 FedEx FedEx Table FedEx UPS FedEx (super hub) (national hub) (regional hub) ) FedEx FedEx Ground 33 ( ) FedEx SmartPost 22 Table 3 FedEx の国内宅配便の取扱量と営業収入 Table 2 UPSの宅配便の取扱量と営業収入 2012 年 2013 年 2014 年 国内宅配便 1,390 1,441(3.7) 1,532(6.4) 1 日平均取扱量陸上宅配便 1,159 1,206(4.1) 1,289(6.9) ( 万個 ) 航空宅配便 (1.6) 243(3.6) 企業全体 (2.4) 582(5.0) 営業収入 国内宅配便 (3.7) 359(5.2) ( 億ドル ) 陸上宅配便 (5.0) 256(5.8) 航空宅配便 98 99(0.8) 103(3.8) 営業利益率 (%) ) ) ) 2013 年度 2014 年度 2015 年度 国内宅配便 (6.0) 959 (2.6) 1 日平均取扱量陸上宅配便 (8.0) 691 (2.0) ( 万個 ) 航空宅配便 (1.2) 268 (4.3) 企業全体 (2.9) 474 (3.9) 営業収入 国内宅配便 (5.5) 247 (4.3) ( 億ドル ) 陸上宅配便 (9.8) 130(11.8) 航空宅配便 (1.3) 117 (2.6) 陸上宅配便 営業利益率 (%) 航空宅配便 ) ) ) ( 59 )

5 60 (distribution center) 500 FedEx UPS FedEx Ground (owner operator) FedEx Ground (purchased transportation) FedEx UPS ) FedEx USPS USPS Table USPS 22 USPS Table 4 USPSの宅配便の取扱量と営業収入 2013 年度 2014 年度 2015 年度年間取扱量 ( 億個 ) (6.7) 45.3(14.1) 全体 (0.7) 689 (1.6) 売上高 ( 億ドル ) 宅配便 (8.7) 151(10.2) ) ) ) USPS USPS 3.30 UPS 9.25 FedEx USPS UPS FedEx ) USPS (final mile) USPS (sortation center) ) USPS UPS FedEx UPS SurePost FedEx SmartPost USPS FedEx SmartPost 206 FedEx 9.37 Smart- Post 1.93 U S P S ) 3-4 地域運送事業者 ( 60 )

6 61 UPS FedEx ) 17 ) 4. 宅配便市場の寡占化と運賃支配力 4-1 宅配便市場の寡占化 USPS 19% FedEx 32% UPS 49% ) ) ) ) Fig. 3 大手 3 社の国内宅配便のシェア (2014 年 ) DHL DHL Fig. 3 UPS 49 FedEx 32 USPS 運賃支配力の強化 UPS FedEx (surcharge) (residential surcharge) ( 61 )

7 62 (delivery area surcharge) (fuel surcharge) 2009 B2C ) (dimensional weight pricing) 30 10) UPS FedEx 2011 UPS FedEx ) UPS FedEx ~ 30 (454g ~ 13.6kg) 4.9 ~ FedEx ) UPS FedEx (yield management) UPS FedEx 12) 5. むすび E UPS FedEx USPS ( 62 )

8 63 E 参考文献 ) UPS: Networked for Growth Annual Report -, 2015 ) Bowen, J.: A Spatial Analysis of FedEx and UPS Hubs, Spokes, and Network Structure, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 24, pp , 2012 ) Peters, J., Schoonmaker, K.: United Parcel Service UPS, Morningstar Dividend Investor, Vol. Issue 4, p. 7, 2012 ) FedEx: Transformative Year FedEx Annual report 2015, 2015 ) Leonard, D.: Politics/Policy, Business Week, Issue 4437, pp , 2015 ) United States Postal Service: 2015 Annual Report to Congress, 2015 ) Stevens, L.: A New Threat to UPS and FedEx Networks of ʻSuper Regionalʼ Shippers Handle More Packages for E-Retailers, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 18, 2013 ) Martinez, R.: Making the case for regional parcel carriers, Multichannel Merchant, Vol. 8 Issue 5, pp , 2012 ) Martinez, R.: Low-cost residential delivery options, Multichannel Merchant (Penton Media, Inc.), Vol. 7, Issue 5, pp , ) pp ) Berman, J.: 2014 Parcel Express Roundtable Do your homework, Logistics Management, Vol. 53 Issue 2, pp , ) Berman, J.: Shippers looking for leverage, Logistics Management, Vol. 54 Issue 2, pp , 2015 ( 63 )

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