2013 10 22 ( ) 2013 10 22 1 / 40
p.682 1. 2. 3 2 t Mann Whitney U ). 4 χ 2. 5. 6 Dunnett Tukey. 7. 8 Kaplan Meier.. U. ( ) 2013 10 22 2 / 40
1 93 ( 20 ) 230. a t b c χ 2 d 1.0 +1.0 e, b ( ) e ( ) ( ) 2013 10 22 3 / 40
2 98 ( 25 ) 192 Tukey 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 5 ( ) 2013 10 22 4 / 40
,. ( ) 98 19 67 68 EBM 126 292 pp.699 702 ( 10 2 +α) ( ) 2013 10 22 5 / 40
1) ( ). ( ) 2013 10 22 6 / 40
2 p.683 2) 100 ( ) A 60 0.6 = 60 100 (1 ),. 0.625. ( ) 2013 10 22 7 / 40
2 95% 0.50 0.60 0.70,,. 4 ( ) 2013 10 22 8 / 40
3 ( ) 3) 100 ( ), A 60 60% B 50% A B, A 45%, 100 60.. ( ) 2013 10 22 9 / 40
1.5.1 p.684 (p ) ( α) 4 ( ) p ( ). p (α)., = ( ) 2013 10 22 10 / 40
1.5.1 H 1 ( ) H 0 ( ) ( ) α p. 2. 1. ( ) 2013 10 22 11 / 40
. α α 2 α 2 ( ) 2013 10 22 12 / 40
p p,, x p.684 ( ) 7 (p ). 4 (p ). ( ) 2013 10 22 13 / 40
p.684 (µ = µ 0 ) (µ µ 0 ) p 0.05 5 α = 0.05 5 ( ) 2013 10 22 14 / 40
p.685 4 6., H 1 H 0 : H 1. H 0 : H 1. H 1. ( ) 2013 10 22 15 / 40
1 2 p.55 5.2 µ = µ 0 (H 0 ) µ µ 0 (H 0 ) 2 β (H 0 ) 1 α (H 0 ) α ( ) : H 0 β : H 0 ( ) ( ) 2013 10 22 16 / 40
1.5.2 9 1) p.23-26 2) ( ) 2013 10 22 17 / 40
t, Mann-Whitney U 1.5.3 t, Mann-Whitney U p.688 ( ) ( ) 2013 10 22 18 / 40
,,,,,, {x 1, x 2, x 3,..., x n } x = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + + x n n s 2 = (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) 2 + + (x n x) 2 n 1 (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) 2 + + (x n x) 2 s = n 1 ( ) 2013 10 22 19 / 40
(SD:Standard Deviation). s = (x 1 x) 2 + (x 2 x) 2 + + (x n x) 2 n 1 (SE Standard Error) x( ). SE = s n p.11 ( ) 2013 10 22 20 / 40
t ( ) p.688 1) t ( ) t A B 1. p.63 5.3.2 t A B. p.65 5.4 ( ) 2013 10 22 21 / 40
t ( p.47 (5.9)-(5.10)),. ( ) 2013 10 22 22 / 40
H 0 A B = H 1 A B ( ) 2013 10 22 23 / 40
Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U ) 2) Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney U ) p.133 9.3 Wilcoxon ( ). H 0 ( : A B ( ) H 1 A B ( ) ( ) 2013 10 22 24 / 40
χ 2 1.5.4 χ 2 6 χ 2. 2 2 (cf. p.82 (6.5)) H 0 A B H 1 A B ( ) 2013 10 22 25 / 40
p.692 t Wilcoxon p. 63 p. 133 5.6 9.3 2 t Wilcoxon χ 2 p. 65 5.8 :,. ( ) 2013 10 22 26 / 40
2 p.693 1.5.5 2. 2 (x, y)., ( ) 2013 10 22 27 / 40
y = β 0 + β 1 x y y i = β 0 + β 1 x i + ε i y i xi,y i ε i y= β 0 + β 1 x O x i x β 0 y β 1 ε i ( ) 2013 10 22 28 / 40
2 2 y ε i = y i (β 0 + β 1 x i ), δ = ε 2 1 + ε2 2 + + ε2 n. β 0 β 1 ε 1 ε 2 2 ε 3 2 ε 4 2 2 H 0 β 1 = 0 H 1 β 1 0 t. ( ) 2013 10 22 29 / 40
( ) 2013 10 22 30 / 40
r= 0.16 r= 0.76 r=0.97 r= 0.99 1 r 1 r 1. 2 r 1. r = 1. r. 3 r 1. r = 1. r. 4 r 0. ( ) 2013 10 22 31 / 40
1.5.6, Dunnett, Turkey ) α (A, B, C) A-B, A-C, B-C 3 1 3α.. (multiplicity) 1 ( ) 2013 10 22 32 / 40
1 p.105 H 0 : 4 H 1 : 4 ( ) H 0 : ( ) 2013 10 22 33 / 40
2 Bonferroni 3 3 0.05 0.05 3 0.01 1 2 3 ( ) 2013 10 22 34 / 40
3 Dunnett A B,C, D A B C,. D ( ) 2013 10 22 35 / 40
4 Tukey A D B C,. ( ) 2013 10 22 36 / 40
1.5.7 (,...e.t.c.) ( ) ( ) 1) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 2 ( ) 2013 10 22 37 / 40
1.5.8 1 Kaplan-Meier p.141 Kaplan-Meier 2 Log-rank ( ) p.143-2 2. ( ) 2013 10 22 38 / 40
3 Cox ( ) 2 ( ). www012.upp.so-net.ne.jp/doi/biostat/ct39/cox.pdf ( ) 2013 10 22 39 / 40
p.699 5, p, ( ), pp.699-702 ( ) 2013 10 22 40 / 40