I. 2006.6.10 () 1 (Fortan mercury barometer) 1.1 (Evangelista orricelli) 1643 760mm 760mm ( 1) (P=0) P 760mm 1: 1.2 P, h, ρ g P 0 = P S P S h M M = ρhs Mg = ρghs P S = ρghs, P = ρgh (1) 1
ρ(= 13.5951 10 3 kg m 3 ), g h P 0 C () [1] 1.3 SI Pa hpa h 100 ( : 100 ) 1m 2 1N 1Pa 1N 1kg 1m s 2 Pa hpa 1992 11 mb hpa 1mm 1mmHg hpa 1mmHg = 1.333224hPa, 1hPa = 0.750062mmHg (2) 1 (=1atm) 760mmHg=1013hPa 1.4 1. ( ) 2. 2(a) A B E C D 3. 2(b) F G 0.1mmHg A 4. 1.5 Scale P raw, P P i P i = P raw + P (3) 0.4 mmhg P = 0.4 mmhg. 2
2: 1.6 scale 0 C t [ C] C t P t P t = P i + C t (4) µ, λ P t = 1 + λt P i 1 + µt C t (5) C t = P i (µ λ)t 1 + µt (6) µ = 0.0001818 [ C 1 ], λ = 0.0000184 [ C 1 ] 3 1.7 (g 0 = 9.80665 m s 2 ) P g, C g P g = P t + C g (7) 3
1 f(x) 0 f(x)-1 0.999-0.001 0.998-0.002 P t /P i 0.997 C t /P i -0.003 0.996-0.004 0.995-0.005 0.994 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 t [ o C] -0.006 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 t [ o C] 3: P g P t = g g 0 (8) C g = P g P t = P t g g 0 g 0 (9) 2006 g = 9.7958803 m s 2 1.8 dp dz = ρg (10) P = nk B R = 287.05 J kg 1 K 1 1 P = ρr (11) (10) dp dz = P g R ( = t + 273.15 [K]) (z = 0) P 0 (12) ln P 0 P (z) = 1 z g dz (13) R 0 g m z 0 z dz (14) 1 14 N 2 78%, 16 O 2 21%, 40 Ar 1% 287.1 4
ln P 0 P (z) = gz (15) R m ( P (z) = P 0 exp gz ) R m (16) z P (z) P g exp P 0 m m = 273.15 + t m + ε m (17) t mc t 0.5 C/100m t m = t + 0.005Z/2 = t + 0.0025Z (18) ε m ε m = At 2 m + Bt m + C (19) A, B, C A B C t m < 30.0 0 0 0.090 30.0 t m < 0.0 0.000489 0.0300 0.550 0.0 t m < 20.0 0.002850 0.0165 0.550 20.0 t m < 33.8-0.006933 0.4687-4.580 33.8 t m 0 0 3.340 P 0 5 1.0039 1.0038 old 20<t m <33.8 0<t m <20 0.0017 0.00165 old 20<t m <33.8 0<t m <20 1.0037 0.0016 P/P 1.0036 1.0035 log 10 P/P 0.00155 1.0034 0.0015 1.0033 0.00145 1.0032 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 [t / o C] 0.0014 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 [t / o C] 4: 5
2 2.1 ( R[%]) R = e 100 (20) e s e e s 2.2 ( ) ( 5m/s ) 2.3 2.4 e (Sprung) e = e s (t w ) A 755 P (t d t w ) (21) t d, t w e s (t w ) t w P A 0.50, 0.44 e, e s mmhg hpa Appendix A e s (etens, 1930) e s (t) = 6.11 10 at/(b+t) [hpa] (22) 6
a = 7.5, b = 237.3 t = 0 C () t = 100 C 1% Appendix?? R = ( ) e 100 (23) e s (t d ) 2.5 t e R R < 100% 100% t dew e s (t dew ) = e (24) A d w ρ d C p ( d w ) (25) ρ d L = 2.50 10 6 [J kg 1 ] (ρ v,s ρ v )L (26) ρ v, ρ v,s ( ) (ρ v,s ρ v )L = ρ d C p ( d w ) (27) P e e = ρ v R v (28) P e = ρ d R d (29) 7
R d R v = M v M d ε = 0.622 (30) e P e = ρ v R v = 1 ρ v (31) ρ d R d ε ρ d e/p < 0.04 P e P e s (27) e P = 1 ρ v (32) ε ρ d e s P = 1 ρ v,s (33) ε ρ d e = e s C p εl P ( d w ) = C p εl P (t d t w ) (34) t e = e s AP (t d t w ) (35) A ( Sprung ) JIS A = 6.62 10 4 K 1 A [6] B - B.1 [2] ρ v = 1/ρ d Q = ds = du + edv (36) e (e = e s ), e s ds = S v S l ( v, w [vapor] [liquid] ) (S v S l ) = u v u l + e s (v v v l ) (37) 8
u l + e s v l S l = u v + e s v v S v (38) + d, e s + de s 2 du l + e s dv l + v l de s S l d ds l = du v + e s dv v + v v de s S v d ds v (39) (38) ds = du + e s dv v l de s S l d = v v de s S v d (40) S v S l = d Q de s = = L - (41) L d (42) (v v v l ) B.2 Gibbs [3] 2, P µ µ l (P, ) = µ v (P, ) (43) P + dp, + d µ l (P + dp, + d ) = µ v (P + dp, + d ) (44) P, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) µl µl µv µv dp + d = dp + d (45) p P p P [( ) µl p ( ) ] µv dp = p [( ) µl P ( ) ] µv d (46) P Gibbs nµ µ dµ = vdp Sd (47) dp, d ( ) µ P = v, ( ) µ = S (48) P 9
- (S v S l )d = (v v v l )dp (49) dp d = S v S l v v v l (50) B.3 - (P, ) v l v v (v v v l ) v v v l v v de s = L v v d (51) e s v v = R v (52) de s e s L = L R v d 2 (53) ln e s = L R v 1 + C (54) (C ) ( e s = C exp L ) R v (55) t = 0 C, = 273.15K 6.11 hpa ( ) 6.11hPa = C L exp R v 273.15K (56) ( ) C L = 6.11hP a exp R v 273.15K [ ]) e s = 6.11hPa exp ( LRv 1 10 (57) (58) 0 = 273.15K 10
10000 simple theory etens 1013.25 1000 e s 100 10 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 t [ o C] 5: t = 0 C 6.11 hpa, 100 C 1013.25 hpa [1] 2 1999 [2] 2000 [3] 1980 [4] 1998 9 2002 10 http://www.kishou.go.jp/know/ [5] http://www.okinawa-jma.go.jp/ishigaki/school/kis home.htm [6] ( 2) 1996 ES- PEC No.6 p.1 http://www.espec.co.jp/tech-info/tech info/index.html 11