( ) * Regeneration of many tree species by soil scarification under canopies -Relation between canopy openness and species richness- Hajime SATO ( )20 20 40 PAR30 0.5 1 (2) 1970 1993 1997 1996 1982 Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute Bibai Hokkaido 079-0198 36 1 Bulletin of the Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute No 36 March 1999
1991 28 /ha PAR 28 1993 88 1998 1 1 2 2 1 1998 100 100 70 35 20 1998 2 2 ( 1998)
1994 1998 1994 11 1995 3 4 24cm 1 22cm 20 25cm 30cm 1 14.4 3.1 3 1 1995 1 1996 1996 1 3 60 2 1 (DBH 134cm) 2 1996 3 PAR PAR>60 PAR<60
0.28 =25 0.01 =25 1998 6 1996 20 PAR20 PAR40 20 20 2 40 40 PAR20 4 6 1996 6 ( ) 6 (60 ) 0.5 30 0.9 66 10 9 2 **,P<0.01 *,P<0.05,0.05<P<0.1(U, G, ) 5 PAR,,
2 2 H 2 H D 2 H 0.01 PAR D 2 H D 2 H 2 2 cm 3 2 27.8 1474** 97.9** 196.8** 0.21** 25.2 24.8 1.5 22.9 0.86 3 PAR 2 2 H 2 1 (4) 14 100 3 20 ( 6) 2 H 14 3 R4 3 1 6 D 2 H **,P 0.01 2 U
Connell 1978 Connell 6 1995 10 1993 10 1988 15 20 1989 1998 40 14.4 3.1 6 7 10 1988 5 10% 10 20 1954 15 10 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1993 1994 1988 1996 1996
1994 1995 1995 1996 1998 3 0.5 1 1991 1996 1991 2 1 2 Y=(448.5D 2 / 2. 88 3 3 2 exp[- log(x)-3 2 /0.72] 1 Sato and Hiura 1998 Y 1993 1995 1970 1998 100 1993 1994 1993 1993 1995 7 1998 1 0.7 Y=(314D 2 / 2 2. 88 3 3 exp[-{1og(x)-3} 2 /0.72] 2 2 100 6 6 100 30cm 5.2 ha 50cm ha 30cm 50cm ha 3
( 1994) 7 100 ha ha 10 15 10 15 10 15 1993 21.2 2 10 23 29 28 8 43.6cm Canham 1989 /ha 1991 1994 1 1982 1988 1991 1996 1988
1982 35 49 53 Canham C.D 1989 Different responses to gaps among shade- tolerant tree species Ecology 70: 548-550. Connell J. H 1978 Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs Science 199: 1302-1310. 1991 191pp 1995 250 41 43 1954 159pp 1996 107 193 196 1991 11 39 35 37 1970 1993 44 4 1994 40 46 37 40 1982 135pp 1988 148 19 23 1988 46 1 79 1970 pp 33 118 46 1993 41 196 198 1995 100 7 10 1998 35 21 30 Sato H and Hiura T 1998 Estimation of over1apping seed shadows in a northern mixed For. Ecol. Manage. 104: 69-76 1996 44 : 64 66 1989 39 5 15 1996 44 70 72 1997 9 20 45 53 56 1996 270pp 1993 2 127 130
Summary To clarify how to promote natura1 regeneration of many species not only Betula ermanii,i investigated natural regeneration process at various sites with different canopy openness on a scarified ground for three years after soi1 scarification Numbers of animal- dispersed seeds such as Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata Kalopanax pictus,cornus controversa and Sorbus commixta increased as canopy openness decreased.on the contrary,numbers of wind dispersed seeds such as B. ermanii and Abies sachalinensis did not relate to canopy openness. Among saplings that emerged for a year after the soil scarification,survival of B.ermanii was inferior to that of Phellodendron amurense under 40%of %PAR (percent photosynthetic active radiation).growth of B.ermanii was not different from that of P. amurense and A. sachalinensis under 20 of PAR although that of B. ermanii was superior to that of P. amurense and A. sachalinensis over20%par. Among saplings that emerged after two years from the soil scarification growth and survival of Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata were superior to those of B ermanii under 40%PAR.Volume ratio of species except B ermanii such as P. amurense,q. mongolica var. grosseserata and S. commixta against all tree species among six saplings per quadrat after three years from the soil scarification of which volumes was larger than other sapling negatively correlated to PAR Quadrats number of which volume ratio of species except B ermanii surpassed 0.5 was increased under 30 PAR Species diversity of saplings was higher on the site where seed density of B ermanii was low than on the site where that was high. From mentioned above to promote regeneration of many species the soil scarification under closed canopy or under canopy where seed density of B. ermanii is low is important I tried to quantify those conditions from my results and previous reports. Key word: soil scarification regeneration sapling preregeneration system percent phtosynthetic active radiation seed dispersa1 species richness