1

VW EGR NOx NOx NOx (HC) SCR NOx (NH 3 ) 2L 2007 1,100 0 36 EA189 27 12 3L 2008 8.5 0 35 27 12 NO NO 2

NPO ICCT, International Council on Clean Transportation West Virginia University NOx EPA, Environmental Protection Agency CARB, California Air Resources Board EPA CARB NOx A 15~35 US-EPA Tier2-Bin5 California LEV-II ULEV emissions limits SCR 5~20 NOx NOx PEMS Portable Emissions Measurement System 4 2 NOx 42 SC 63 SCR 3

4

1 95% 2 20 3 1000m 1300m 4 2 20 1 5 2 4 28% 5

NOx NOx FTP-75, NEDC, US06 US-EPA Tier2-Bin5 (FTP- 75) NEDC,US06 FTP-75 NEDC US06 6

2015 9 VW VW VW VW 7

8 28 4 21

9

10

2007 2011 NOx RDE 2016 20179 NOx 2.1 20201 NOx 1.5 RDE 330 60km/h 1540km/h 6~30% 6090km/h 90115km/h 100km/h 5 145km/h 700m 16km 29 44% 3310% 3310% 90120 100m 100km 1200m CF 11

RDE RDE WLTC Moving Averaging Window Power binning CO 2WLTC CO 21/21Window 1 140 WLTC Class3-2 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 CO 2 1/2WLTC RDE 2 3 3035 20207 0 700m 1300m 12

WLTC CO 2 Characteristic curve 140 WLTC Class3-2 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 LOW MEDIUM HIGH Ex-HIGH 19km/h 56.6km/h 92.3km/h CO 2 1.2 CO 2 1.1 CO 2 1.05 P 1 P 2 P 3 13

Window CO 2 [g/km] CO 2 Characteristic curve Tolerance1 Tolerance12Tolerance2 Urban ruralmotorway Total NOxCF EURO6NOx CO PN 20179 CF2.1 20201 CF1.5 14

15 Normalized standard power frequency ( ) 5 Normalized standard power frequency ( ) NOxCF EURO6NOx CO PN 20179 CF2.1 20201 CF1.5

NOx N1 1 NOx(mg/km) EURO6d-TEMP 201791 201991 126 168 EURO6d 202011 202111 90 120 NOx NOx(mg/km) EURO6c 201791 201891 60 80 2.1 1.5 RDE N1 1 1305kg 16

17 VW FTP US06 SC03 FTP -7 US06 SC03

10,000 1 250,000 3250,000 4 250,000 50,000 4 5 450,000 5250,000 6 250,000 FTP US06 1.3 50% EPA CARB EPA 10,000 2 4,50015,000 325,00 4 25,000 50,000 5 4 4,50015,000 525,00 6 25,000 LA#4 US06 1.3 CARB 10 18

19

243 0.3 20 0.8 90km/h 90kPa 1000m 100-10 EGR0 70 20

21 EGR

22 EGR

23 SCR

24

VW PEMS : Portable Emission Measurement System VW PEMS PEMS CO,HC,NO x,co 2, CH 4, NMHC, PM PEMS CO,NO x,co 2 PEMS CO,NO x,co 2 25

CVS Vehicle Speed Proportioning Type Blower Constant Volume Sampling System for Diesel Engine Dilution Tunnel Emission Gas Analyzer for Diesel Engine CVS Chassis Dynamometer Constant Volume Sampling System for Gasoline Engine Emission Gas Analyzer for Gasoline Engine 26

27

28 EGR DOC DPF LNT SCR 27

JC08 JC08 0.25 0.75 JC08 WLTC Worldwide Light-duty Test Cycles 30 60km/h30 km/h IC IC 29

30 IC IC

31 IC IC 50 m 40 30 20

32 IC IC IC 50 m 40 30 20 IC

33 IC IC m 40 30 20

No Yes Yes No 34

35

36 NOx VW NOx 10 PEMS PEMS NOx

37 EGR + DOC + DPF NOx NOx NOx0.08g/km CX-5 0.08 g/km

EGR + DOC+ LNT+ DPF 12 EGR 10 EGR EGR LNT NOx 0.08g/km 0.144g/km JC08 LNTNOx NOx 0.08g/km 25 25 10 7 EGR NOx 38

EGR + ( DOC+DPF ) + LNT LNT 75km/h 1250rpm 1650rpm NOx 0.08 g/km 0.104g/km LNT JC08 NOx JC08 LNT NOx NOx 0.08 g/km 25 25 NOx 39

40 EGR + DOC+ DPF + SCR DOC EGR NOx SCR NOx0.08g/km NOx0.08 25 g/km 25 10 DOCHCSOF EGR NOx

41 EGR + DOC+ DPF EGR 1600rpm 15 10 EGR NOx0.15g/km NOx0.15 5 g/km 10 25 10 EGR NOx

42 EGR + DOC + DPF + LNT EGRLNT NOx 10 LNT NOx0.08g/km

43 EGR + DOC+ DPF+ SCR SCR NOx0.105g/km 0.08g/km 0.11g/km NOx 0.08g/km 2 4 24

NOx CO 1) 2) g/km (2) JC08- Combined CX-5 0.06 0.079 0.05 0.052 0.04 0.095 0.101 0.062 0.103 0.064 0.064 0.057 0.081 0.051 D5 0.144 (1) 0.104 (1) 0.301 0.143 0.757 0.229 0.937 0.44 0.331 0.33 0.223 0.292 0.194 0.351 0.06 0.336 0.325 0.328 1.017 0.363 0.228 0.11 1.422 1.664 1.394 1.48 0.241 0.254 BMW 0.063 (3) 0.077 (3) 0.146 (3) 0.031 0.105 0.311 0.110 0.253 0.168 0.148 0.072 3) NOx(g/km) 0.08 0.15 44

45 1 CX-5 D5 BMW 1) 2)

26 40 1 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 11 41 71 101 1231 5 10 15 962 2369 3683 10.98 27.04 42.04 46

JRC Report EUR 25572 EN-2013 RDE NO x 47

48

CF H27.10 H28.3 H28.4 H29.4 CF 49