14 1 p. 15 27 006 1 Jpn. J. Histor. Bot. 1 Masanobu Yoshikawa 1 : Identification of Rhus verniciflua Stokes pollen and its occurrence around the Early Jomon Period in Aomori Prefecture 6 3 5600 4500 Abstract Recent analyses of fossil woods and fruits revealed the growth of Rhus verniciflua trees in Japan since the Early Jomon Period. Distribution of this plant around archaeological sites, however, could not be clarified with these analyses, because woods and fruits may have been brought to the sites from far away by Jomon people. Previous descriptions indicated that the pollen sculpture of Rhus verniciflua was slightly different from that of other Rhus species. To clarify the basis of distinction, the pollen sculpture of six Japanese Rhus species were studied with optical microscopy and image analysis. The results revealed that, distinct from the other species, Rhus verniciflua pollen have reticulate sculpture with lumina which are regular in shape and size. Re-identification of Rhus fossil pollen at three sites of the Early Jomon Period in Aomori Prefecture showed that Rhus verniciflua appeared at ca. 5600 yr BP with the establishment of the Castanea forest around settlements and disappeared at ca. 4500 yr BP with the elimination of the Castanea forest caused by the expansion of the Aesculus forest. Key words: Aomori Prefecture, Early Jomon Period, pollen morphology, Rhus verniciflua B 9000 00 00 004 004 Rhus verniciflua Stokes (= Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkl.) 1960 18 4 Noshiro & Suzuki, 004 4 003 005 1 989-0916 93-6 Ancient Forest Research, Nanokahara 293-6, Tohgattaonsen, Zao-machi, Katsuta-gun, Miyagi 989-0916, Japan
16 14 1 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. R. ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. R. sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. R. succedanea L. R. javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rheder et Wils. 5 1989 1956 1973 1980a 1980b 孢 华 态 198 004 5 6 18 004 1 000 50 1 150 1000 5 1975 1 A M C OLYMPUS C-5060 510 TIFF AFR-55 555 NIH Image 5 5 µm 1 3 10 1 30 5 50 C 10 1 C 1976 1994 6 7 1 TUS TI TNS KPM 10 KOH 1 3 1 18 18 004 1 000 5700 4700 yr BP A B17 0
17 1 No. Rhus ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa 004. 6. 16 AFR-51 S. Tsugaru TUS776 1991. 5.1 AFR-537 K. Yonekura TUS8136 00. 6. 1 AFR-538 Rhus succedanea L. T. Yoshikawa & K. Yoshikawa 004. 5.7 AFR-508 S. Tsugaru & T. Takahashi TUS30985 1995. 6. 17 AFR-531 H. Takahashi TUS77301 001. 6. 7 AFR-53 Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. K. Yonekura TUS83985 00. 5. 7 AFR-55 S. Noshiro et al. TUS56848 000. 6. 1 AFR-56 G. Murata & T. Takahashi TUS30984 1995. 5. 3 AFR-536 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. M. Yoshikawa 004. 6. 14 AFR-518 M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa 004. 6. 14 AFR-53 N. Matsushita et al. TUS93856 1997. 6. 14 AFR-534 S. Tsugaru & M. Sawada TUS7317 1993. 5. 30 AFR-535 Rhus verniciflua Stokes M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa 004. 6. 16 AFR-50 S. Noshiro et al. TUS10585 000. 6. 1 AFR-533 H. Hara 938 (TI) 1930. 5. 30 AFR-540 H. Muramatsu (TI) 1930. 6. 6 AFR-541 TNS18774 1909. 5. 9 AFR-550 T. Makino TNS18773 1909. 5. 9 AFR-551 K. Nemoto TNS390 1889. 6. 1 AFR-55 M. Kinukawa TNS15445 1949. 6. 14 AFR-553 H. Koizumi TNS373974 1931. 6. 14 AFR-555 Y. Shimada TNS5919 1965. 5. 9 AFR-556 S. Takakura KPM-NA0117404 1998. 5. 31 AFR-558 Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehder et Wils. M. Yoshikawa & J. Yoshikawa 000. 8. 3 AFR-468 M. Yoshikawa 004. 8. 5 AFR-58 S. Noshiro et al. TUS5779 000. 8. 6 AFR-539 9 00 1 6.5 km 1999 5500 yr BP 000 B3 A9 0 5500 3500 yr BP 9 18 004 10 9 To-Cu 004 10%KOH 48%HF 00
18 14 1 1 3 tricolporate semi-angular subprolate spheroidal ectoaperture colpus endoaperture pore costae semi-tectate sculpture 1 columella tectum reticulate lumen striate-reticulate P/E Rhus ambigua Lavall. ex Dipp. 1 No. 1 1 mesocolpium apocolpium striate polar axis 8.0 48.5 (36. 3.9) µm equatorial diameter 6.0 43.0 (3.8 3.) µm P/E 0.88 1.36 (1.11 0.09) AFR-51, 537, 538 Rhus succedanea L. 1 No.13 4 polar area 9.0 48.5 (36.0 3.8) µm 31.0 45.5 (35.3.8) µm P/E 0.84 1. (1.0 0.07) AFR-508, 531, 53 Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc. 1 No. 5 36 6.0 41.5 (31.4 3.) µm 7.5 39.5 (31.4 1.9) µm P/E 0.8 1.19 (1.00 0.07) AFR-55, 56, 536 Rhus trichocarpa Miq. No. 37 48 4 8.0 48.5 (36.0 4.0) µm 6.0 48.5 (34.1 3.8) µm P/E 0.9 1.7 (1.06 0.06) AFR-53, 534, 535 Rhus verniciflua Stokes No. 49 59 AFR-533 8.0 37.5 (31.9 1.8) µm 8.5 38.5 (33.6.0) µm P/E 0.84 1.09 (0.95 0.04) AFR-50, 540, 541 Rhus javanica L. var. roxburghii (DC.) Rehder et Wils. No. 60 69 34.0 51.5 (41.9 4.5) µm 7.0 43.0 (34.7 3.1) µm P/E 1.03 1.49 (1.1 0.09) AFR-468, 58, 539 5 3 A M C 5 5 µm 4 6 a A M 4 A M C 5 / A M C 6 A / / A 8 8 / AFR-538 1.66 9.18 AFR-537 AFR-51 AFR-537 A 18 /.5 A A
19 1 1 1 1 Rhus ambigua AFR-51 1, 6 8 A 4, 9 10 M 11 C 1 A C 13 4 R. succedanea AFR-508 13 14, 18 0 A 16, 1 M 3 4 C 5 36 R. sylvestris AFR-56 5 6, 30 3 A 33 34 M 8, 35 C 36 A C = 10 µm
20 14 1 2 37 48 Rhus trichocarpa AFR-53 37 38, 4 43 A 40, 44 46 M 48 C 47 A C 49 59 R. verniciflua AFR-50 49 50, 54 55 A 5, 56 57 M 58 59 A C 60 69 R. javanica var. roxburghii AFR-468 60 61 A 65 66 M 63, 69 C 67 A M 68 A C = 10 µm
21 3 1 Rhus ambigua (AFR-51) 3 4 R. succedanea (AFR-508) 5 6 R. sylvestris (AFR-56) 7 8 R. trichocarpa (AFR-53) 9 10 R. verniciflua (AFR-50) = 5 µm A M C AFR-508 AFR-53 3 6 1.43 5.33 µm AFR-531 C / 3 4 A 4 3.00 A M / AFR-55 0.7.64 µm AFR-56 0.35 0.78 µm M / AFR-55.38 7.79
22 14 1 4 A M C C 3.00 A AFR-535 0.51 1.63 µm C / A M C / A M C / 1.70 1.97 0.56 0.71 b M C M C / 1.35 9.85 C 7 M 1.48 3.38 C 1.35.51 M C C 10 1 M C M C 3 6 6 3 5 A M C C 6 A M C C 7 M C
23 2 A M C 5 5 µm R. ambigua R. succedanea R. sylvestris R. trichocarpa R. verniciflua A /5 µm 14 4.7 6 3. 10 3.1 11.7 11.5 µm 0.53 0.7 1.99 1.4 0.9 0.58 0.77 0.7 0.71 0.19 / 3.01 1.96 1.86 0.41 1.98 0.54 1.7 0.4 1.70 0.3 M /5 µm 15.4 13.7 15 4.3 13.7 14.9 µm 0.53 0.13 0.61 0.16 0.5 0.18 0.66 0.18 0.58 0.16 /.05 0.6.65 0.67 3.39 1.15.14 0.57 1.97 0.38 C * /5 µm 12 2.5 13 2.6 13 3.7 14 4.0 14.6 µm 0.53 0.20 0.58 0.19 0.45 0.13 0.52 0.27 0.56 0.16 / 4.97 1.52 4.90 2.53 4.40 2.08 4.45 1.26 1.79 0.4 No. AFR- 51, 537, 538 508, 531, 53 55, 56, 536 53, 534, 535 50, 540, 541, 55, 555 * 10 1 1 3 1 3 3 A A / 6 A /.5 M.14 A 18 /5 µm 4 /5 µm 3.00 µm 1 18 3 8 9 1 00 18 108 00 18 3 A M C 5 5 µm µm No. A * M C / / / B10 AFR.MY-155 14 0.73 1.6 15 0.47 1.70 16 0.46 1.61 1 A5b AFR.MY-1546 11 0.56 1.58 16 0.46 1.98 17 0.43 1.6 A6 AFR.MY-1540 10 0.6 1.44 15 0.47.36 11 0.63 1.85 A6 AFR.MY-1541 1 0.68.09 11 0.8 1.69 A8 AFR.MY-1548 15 0.49 1.79 16 0.45.55 17 0.40 1.75 * 1541
24 14 1 8 1 5 1 A6 AFR.MY-1540 6 B10 AFR.MY-155 7 1 A9 AFR.MY-1550 8 1 A6 AFR.MY-1541 9 13 1 A8 AFR.MY-1547 14 18 C4 AFR.MY-1530 15 17 18 C AFR.MY-1536 18 19 18 A3 AFR.MY-1571 1, 9, 14 A 3, 11, 15, 18 M 5, 7, 1, 16 C 6, 8 A C = 10 µm 3 A4 B7 B1 3 A7 1 1 To-Cu 5 1 3
25 9 yr BP 1% 5600 4500 yr BP 6 18 To-Cu 1 1 6 3 A M C 11 14 0.56 0.71 µm / 1.70 1.97 M C M A 1973 1980b 3 9
26 14 1 5650 yr BP 5050 yr BP 4850 yr BP 1 6000 5530 yr BP 5530 5000 yr BP 000 5000 yr BP 4500 yr BP 5600 4500 yr BP 18 5000 yr BP 004 1 1 5600 yr BP Noshiro Suzuki, 004 004 Noshiro & Suzuki, 004 1 18 3 00 005 005 1 18 1989 1 18 1 1 18 17 DNA 1700050 1999
27 70 1 34 pp 00 501 pp 孢 华 态 198 热 亚热 态 67 pp 003 18 : 36 000 9: 43 53 1956 303 pp 004 19 : 14 15 1960 8: 40 4 00 10 B 78 10 pp 1980a II 1 157 pp 1980b I 13 91 pp 1994 454 pp 004 14 18 79 419 pp Noshiro, S. & Suzuki, M. 2004. Rhus verniciflua Stokes grew in Japan since the Early Jomon Period. Japanease Journal of Historical Botany 12: 3 11. 1989 305 pp 1973 5 187 pp 1976 54 106 00 91 15 1 53 69 1975 26: 53 57 005 H 107 0 4 10 106 004 4 371 4 93 319 004 18 14 18 08 13 005 H 107 0 4 96 101 004 470 VIII III 416 4 005 1 6