28 Effect of depth position of a target and cognitive load on attention to surrounding objects 1170356 2017 3 3
VR VR i
Abstract Effect of depth position of a target and cognitive load on attention to surrounding objects Koki HIRATA Along with the rapid popularization of smartphone in recent years, an increase in accidents due to smartphone while walking or aruki sumaho (operating smartphone while walking) has become a social problem. One of the cause of this problem may be that smartphone while walking requires dual task of walking and operating smartphone. A previous study examining walking and simultaneous operation of mobile phones reported that due to the use of the portable equipment, reaction time to detect surrounding visual stimuli increased, walking speed decreased, and deviation of walking route increased. However, in this previous study, reactions to dynamically moving visual stimuli such as other walking people or cars which can be seen in everyday life were not considered. Therefore, in this study, the dynamic objects in the virtual space were presented to clarify the characteristics of the detection performance in the case of dynamic objects appearing in the surroundings with smartphone while walking. We investigated the influence of cognitive load with a smartphone. Also, in order to examine the influence of the depth position of a screen as a visual target based on the fact that the smartphone is located close to the observer during some operation. The results showed that detection performance of peripheral objects became worse when the cognitive load was high, regardless of the depth position of the visual target and the appearance position of the object. Even though the viewing angle was controlled to ii
be same, the detection of the peripheral object is influenced by the depth position of the visual target and in the case where a visual target was at the closer position, the performance of detection of peripheral objects was worse. key words Smartphone while walking, Virtual reality Dual task Cognitive load Depth position of target iii
1 1 1.1................................. 1 1.2................................. 3 1.3................................. 3 1.4 VR(Virtual Reality)............................. 4 1.5.......................... 5 2 6 2.1................................... 6 2.1.1........................... 6 2.1.2........................... 7 2.1.3........................... 7 2.1.4................... 7 2.2...................................... 8 2.2.1................................ 8 2.2.2........................... 9 2.2.3................................. 10 2.2.4....................... 10 2.3................................... 11 2.4.................................... 13 2.5.................................. 13 2.6............................ 16 3 18 iv
3.1................. 18 3.1.1............................... 18 3.1.2........................... 19 3.2.......................... 23 3.2.1........................... 23 4 27 5 30 31 32 A 34 v
1.1 Dameman & Carpenter....... 5 2.1 (HMD)..................... 7 2.2 HTC VIVE......................... 7 2.3.......................... 8 2.4.................................... 8 2.5 Near................................... 9 2.6 Far.................................... 9 2.7................................. 9 2.8 Blank................................... 10 2.9 WM................................... 11 2.10 VR............................... 11 2.11 HMD............................... 12 2.12 HMD ( )............................ 14 2.13............................... 15 2.14.............................. 15 2.15 2.................................. 15 3.1.................... 21 3.2................... 21 3.3................. 22 3.4................................. 24 3.5 (N=20)......................... 24 3.6.............................. 25 vi
3.7.......................... 25 3.8.............................. 26 3.9............................. 26 vii
2.1................................ 17 2.2................................ 17 3.1 cm................ 18 3.2 cm................ 19 3.3 cm.................. 20 viii
1 1.1 [1] 2016 GO 1 GO 1 GO 79 22 57 1 [2] 24 28 5 193 28 50 5 [3] 1
1.1 1.2 (2015) [4] 3m 60 2 6 1000 ms 1 1 6 1.3 VR : Virtual Reality VR 2
1.2 1.2 HMD VR 1.3 [5] 3
1.4 VR(Virtual Reality) [6][7] [4][8] 1.4 VR(Virtual Reality) VR Virtual Reality) VR 3 1 3DCG 3 3 2 3 [9] HTC VIVE HMD [10] 4
1.5 1.5 Reading Span Test : RST Dameman Capenter 1.1 [11] (1992) Dameman Capenter [12] 1.1 Dameman & Carpenter 5
2 2.1 2.1.1 VR Visual Studio 2015 Unity(Ver.5.4.2f2 Personal) C# 1 text Microsoft Excel 2010 R (Ver 3.2.3) 6
2.1 実験装置 2.1.2 刺激提示デバイス 視覚刺激および VR 環境の提示には 図 2.1 に示す HMD(HTC 社 VIVE) を使用した 図 2.1 2.1.3 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ (HMD) 刺激操作デバイス VR 環境における 目標刺激検出課題における反応の取得に用いるデバイスとして図 2.2 に示す HMD に付属のコンローラを用いた また このコントローラと VR 空間上に設置し た透明なオブジェクトの衝突判定を利用して 目標刺激の出現するタイミングを設定した 図 2.2 HTC VIVE のコントローラ 2.1.4 トラッキング用赤外線エミッター VR 環境における HMD とコントローラの位置のトラッキングに用いるデバイスとして HMD に付属のベースステーションを用いた 位置トラッキングの仕組みとして ベースス 7
2.2 2.3 VR 2.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.4 55cm 1.5m 2.4 8
2.2 2.2.2 2.5 Near 2.6 HMD 50cm Far 2.7 27 16deg 2.5 Near 2.6 Far 2.7 9
2.2 2.2.3 2.8 Blank 2.8 Blank 2.2.4 (WM) 2.9 WM (2002) 2 5 4 5 2 3 2 6 3 9 4 60 2 4 3 6 70 70 (2012) 2 10 3 15 4 20 5 25 2 3 10
2.3 2.9 WM 2.3 2.3 VR 2.10 VR HMD 2.11 2.10 VR 11
2.3 2.11 HMD 12
2.4 2.4 ( ) 20 20 ( 18 2 ) HMD 2.5 HMD 2.5m ( 2.12) Near Far HMD 2.13 2 2.8km [13][14] 2 ( 2.14) 2.14 2 4 WM 2002 2.15 HMD 2 Blank 13
2.5 実験手続き の目標刺激検出課題を 2 周 RST の説明 停止状態での練習を 2 文 3 文条件ともに 2 文 ずつ WM 条件での目標刺激検出課題を 2 周を練習試行として行った 実験は 1 ブロック あたりの目標刺激出現回数を 8 回とし 対象の奥行き位置を 2 水準 (Near Far) 認知負 荷を 2 水準 (WM Blank) 周回する方向を 2 水準 (右回り 左回り) の計 8 ブロック行っ た 周回方向は右回りと左回りを交互にし その他の条件の提示順は被験者間でカウンター バランスをとった 図 2.12 HMD の装着 (初期状態) 14
2.5 2.13 2.14 2.15 2 15
2.6 2.6 4 1 5 5 1 10 10 1 5 5 + Near - WM NW + Near - Blank NB + Far - WM FW + (Far - Blank FB) Near, Far (Near, Far WM, Blank) 16
2.6 2.1 1 5 1 10 1 10 2.2 1 5 1 10 1 10 1 5 1 5 17
3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1 3.2 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 8 3.1 cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM 1 181.0003 83.2156 159.3823 77.2704 179.8415 86.9573 142.1945 83.7574 2 172.4936 87.8252 171.0211 78.8081 164.5877 87.4603 171.6465 74.8358 3 171.3335 85.3820 128.4119 76.4072 162.5873 83.0044 137.1986 70.1381 4 172.9610 82.2686 149.5597 74.4737 169.6183 87.2522 150.3435 78.3317 5 180.8060 85.4235 158.3508 70.6977 178.0337 80.3909 154.1018 72.7226 6 156.1656 75.4191 131.8573 69.1864 152.9651 79.7453 153.8130 68.8700 7 171.9264 89.9253 150.2603 85.4631 158.1120 88.3860 151.2488 81.8862 8 168.5388 86.0144 141.8495 88.0094 164.4475 87.1683 129.1661 87.2049 9 167.8150 86.8102 131.6429 80.9439 169.6067 79.4727 134.8359 81.3128 10 158.3997 75.8766 151.4910 80.5169 152.9526 82.9125 119.7040 78.7024 18
3.1 3.2 cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM 11 169.0838 81.2997 141.9811 74.9668 169.8015 81.3020 134.7559 79.2756 12 158.1736 85.6024 141.0118 74.3100 131.7534 73.8399 142.4283 71.8441 13 178.3546 85.3044 157.2691 75.9623 167.4159 82.8360 117.1852 78.3110 14 178.3759 89.5558 150.3358 75.6707 153.6527 79.0938 143.6623 76.5585 15 170.4173 82.7360 168.3748 74.1793 168.5597 87.1426 158.6493 78.0882 16 159.2543 84.6913 129.5048 71.5206 155.6618 75.9617 117.9659 67.5889 17 178.2561 84.5573 144.9376 80.5356 158.8860 85.2164 149.1109 75.9608 18 163.0785 89.5253 149.6448 79.9996 169.5753 84.1546 169.3851 76.0555 19 156.1447 74.5818 153.1879 69.5313 158.7028 77.9126 137.6536 71.8912 20 151.1302 93.1775 139.5674 82.6362 147.5869 93.5323 138.0681 79.9982 3.1.2 3 2 Near Far Far Near (p =.0057) Blank WM (p <.001) (p =.5377) p <.001 (p =.0038 p =.0004)( 3.1) 2 2 2 Near Far WM Blank p =.0095 19
3.1 p <.001 ( 3.2) WM Blank Near Far Near Far p =.326 WM Blank WM Blank ( 3.3) 3.3 cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM 168.1854 84.4596 147.4821 77.0544 161.7174 83.1871 142.6558 76.6666 126.3225 112.2682 122.4522 109.6612 119.2954 116.0567 20
3.1 3.1 3.2 21
3.1 3.3 22
3.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.4 3.5 3.9 t 3.6 3.7 3.8 5 (p =.171) p <.001 (p =.341) p =.004 Near Far Near Far p =.010 / Near Far Near Far (p =.152) FB NB FW NW ( 3.9) ( 3.1.2) 23
3.2 3.4 3.5 (N=20) 24
3.2 3.6 3.7 25
3.2 3.8 3.9 26
4 WM Blank WM Blank WM 145.07cm Blank 164.95cm WM Blank 19.89cm WM 76.86cm Blank 83.82cm 6.96cm 2.8km/h 250ms 100ms Near Far Near Far 27
Near Far Near Far Near G.eta 2 =.031 G.eta 2 =.357 28
VR VR 29
5 VR VR 30
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7). 8). 9). 5 10). 11). 12). 13). 14). 3 1). 2). 3). 35
4). 20 5). 6). 7). 8). 9). 10). 11). 3 12). 36
13). 2000 14). 12 37