1 2001 2002b 1 2 2.1 Levinson 1983: 296turn-taking A B A-B-A-B-A-B Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974 23
transition relevance place, TRP transitions gap overlap Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974 1. For any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place of an initial turn-constructional unit: (a) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as to involve the use of a current speaker selects next technique, then the party so selected has the right and is obliged to take next turn to speak; no others have such rights or obligations, and transfer occurs at that place. (b) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a current speaker selects next technique, then self-selection for next speakership may, but need not, be instituted; first starter acquires rights to a turn, and transfer occurs at that place. (c) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a current speaker selects next technique, then current speaker may, but need not continue, unless another self-selects. 2. If, at the initial transition-relevance place of an initial turn-constructional unit, neither 1a nor 1b has operated, and, following the provision of 1c, current speaker has continued, then the rule-set a-c re-applies at the next transition-relevance place, and recursively at each next transition-relevance place, until transfer is effected. (Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974: 704) TRP 1 1(a) TRP 1(b) TRP 1(c) 2 1(c) 1(a) (c) Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974 Levinson 1983 Edelsky 1981: 207 an on-record speaking encouragers) offrecord speaking) 24
1993 (speaker-) turn 1993: 56 Schegloff 1982 Uh huh continuers 1993 1993: 58 1993: 58 1995: 131993 turntaking 1999: 225 (1) (2) (3) 1995 1999 1991: 11 Bergmann 1990 2000: 99 1987 25
Turn 1990 1993 1995 1999 Turn-taking 1984 1990 1993 utterance 1987: 83 1 2 2 1993 2000 turn-taking 2.2 signal 2.2.1 Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974: 719TRP signal turn-entry devicesprestarts turn-exit devices post-completers Schegloff 1996: 92 93 project pre-beginning elements post-completion stance markers Schegloff 1996: 92 Duncan and Fiske 1985: 44 45, 54a complete turn signal1. intonation contours 2. you know or something stereotyped phrases 3. 4. paralinguistic drawl on certain syllables 5. 5 1995 4 26
1995: 14 1999: 15 1995: 16 1995: 16 1995: 17 2002 2.2.2 Goodwin 1980: 275, 287 1 2 hearership engagement disengagementgoodwin 1981 1986: 46 2.2.3 Maynard 1987 1989 1993 turn end marker preturn claimturn-transition period turn-transition period filler turn-transition period 1993: 57 2.2.4 1 27
1993 1 1. turn-entry devices pre-starts well but and so Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974 2. 1995 3. 1995 4. 1995 5. pre-beginning elements uh(m) Schegloff 1996 1. preturn claimmaynard 1987 1989 1993 2. Maynard 1987 1989 1993 3. pre-beginning elements gesture Schegloff 1996 1. turn-exit devices 1. a complete turn signal post-completers (Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974) 2. a complete turn signal you Duncan and Fiske1985 know or something 2. turn end marker Duncan and Fiske 1985 Maynard 1987 1989 3. 1993 1995 3. post-completion stance 4. markers 1995 5. post-completion stance markers Schegloff disclaimers I dunno 1996 Schegloff 1996 4. 6. 2002 2002 1. engagement displaygoodwin 1980 1981 1986 1. disengagement displaygoodwin 1980 1981 1986 2. turn-transition period fillermaynard 1987 1989 1993 28
3 3.1 turn turn-taking Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974 Levinson 1983 Edelsky 1981an on-record speaking 1987 2000 1991 1993 1995 3 1 2 2 2 4 29
2 1. 1. 1. a. b. c. 2. 2. d. e. 3. 4. 2. 3. 4. 3 4 3 Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974 well but and sopre-startsmaynard 1987 1989 1993 preturn claim Schegloff 1996 pre-beginning elements 1995 1995 1995 2 30
1995 Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson 1974post-completers 1995 Goodwin 1980 1981 1986 engagement display Goodwin 1980 1981 1986 disengagement display Maynard 1987 19891993 turn-transition period filler 3.2 3.2.1 20 30 3 (T) (Y) (N) 42 5 20 1 55 45 21 25 36 8 1 2 3 500 4 30 3.2.2 3 1 T Y N 23T 23Y 23N 23 3 3 cf. 1987 Ehlich 19933 31
23T 23Y 23N 3 Y 23Y T 23T N 23NY 23Y 24T 24Y 24N 2 1 (1) 1 23T: 23Y: 23N: 3 Head movement, H 3 H 1 HHH H H h [ ----] [ ] < > N N 32
[--------] < > 3.3 2 21 25 21N N 22Y 1 1 22Y 22N 2 22Y 23Y 23Ta 23Na 23Tb 23Nb 24T 33
24N 25Y 34
3 25N 25Y 4 1 35
4 4 1. a. (24N 25N 25Y 25N b. Nb 25Y c. 22Y 22Y 23Tb 22Y 23Tb 25Y 2. d. 24Tb) 25Y e. 21N 22N ( ) 23Y 21N 22N 23Y 24N) 24N 3. 4. 22N 23Ta 23Na 23Nb 25N 24N 25N ( ) (22Na 23Ta 23Na 23Nb 25Nb) 22Na 22T 22Nb 23Ta 23Na 23Y 23Nb 25Ta 25Na 25Nb 25Tb 24Na 25Na Goodwin 1980 1981 1986 4 3 1984: 88 36
1984: 88Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974: 727 recipient design overall organization 1991: 87 4 1998 2002a Szatrowski 2000 2001 37
1 Levinson 1983 local organization overall organization(turn) 2 1987: 88 1. 2. 1987: 88 3 1987 1987 4 1991 1991 1993 1991: 84 85 1993: 154 1987 92 1991 10: 10 pp.79 96. 1993 1998 pp.23 28. 2001 7 110 pp.7 21. 2002a 76 pp.33 39. 2002b pp.187 201. 1987 92 pp.68 106. 1990 38
2002 10 pp.191 196. 1990 move 11 9 pp.112 118. 1991 turn-taking 10 10 pp.10 18. 2000 pp.98 103. 1993 1984 13 7 pp.86 94. 1995 87 pp.12 24. 1999 9 pp.221 239. Bergmann, J. R. 1990. On the local sensitivity of conversation. The dynamics of dialogue, ed. by Ivana Markova and Klans Foppa, 201 226. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Duncan, Starkey Jr. and Donald W. Fiske. 1985. Interaction structure and strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edelsky, Carole. 1981. Chapter 8: Who s got the floor? Gender and conversational interaction, ed. by Deborah Tannen, 189 227. Oxford: Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics. Ehlich, Konrad. 1993. Chapter 5: HIAT: A transcription system for discourse data. Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research, ed. by Jane A. Edwards and Martin D. Lampert, 123 148. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Goodwin, Charles. 1980. Restarts, pauses, and the achievement of a state of mutual gaze at turnbeginning. Sociological Inquiry 50: 272 302.. 1981. Chapter 3: Notes on the organization of engagement. Conversation organization, 95 125. New York: Academic Press.. 1986. Gesture as a resource for the organization mutual orientation. Semiotica 62.1/2: 29 49. Levinson, Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maynard, Senko. 1987. Interactional functions of a nonverbal sign: Head movement in Japanese dyadic casual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 11: 589 606.. 1989. Japanese conversation: Self-contextualization through structure and interactional management. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation. Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50. 4: 696 735. Schegloff, Emanuel. 1982. Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some uses of uh huh and other things that come between sentences. Georgetown University Roundtable on languages and linguistics, ed. by Deborah Tannen, 71 83. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.. 1996. Turn organization: One intersection of grammar and interaction. Interaction and grammar, ed. by Elinor Ochs, Emanuel Schegloff and Sandra Thompson, 52 133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Szatrowski, Polly. 2000. Relation between gaze, head nodding and aizuti bach channel at a Japanese company meeting. Berkeley Linguistics Society 26: 283 294. 39