1 2 Japanese society and for implementation into its education system for the first time. Since then, there has been about 135 years of the history of

38 2017 3 1 2 1882 135 3 1 1930 1970 E 2 1970 2000 3 2000 1 2 1 2 1 2 The Development of Drama in English as a Foreign Language Education in Japan HIDA Norifumi Abstract In 1882, Sutematsu Yamagawa Oyama, the first young Japanese woman who studied abroad in the Meiji Period, created the English-Language Theatre Club, and introduced the concept of drama as a method of teaching English to 112 35

1 2 Japanese society and for implementation into its education system for the first time. Since then, there has been about 135 years of the history of drama in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education in Japan. However, there has been little research about it. Therefore, I explored the development of drama in EFL education in Japan. In particular, I focused on examples in which it is formally carried out in the EFL curriculum, not in the English Speaking Society, in schools and universities. I divided the development into three stages. 1930 1970: EFL teachers carried out drama for Thinking in English, while receiving some influences from progressive, or child-centred, education and Harold E. Palmer s Oral Method. 1970 2000: EFL teachers carried out drama for self-expression or communication, while receiving some influences from communicative language teaching. 2000 the present: EFL teachers carried out drama for intercultural and international understanding, multicultural coexistence, and global human resources. However, unlike those teachers in the previous periods, most of these teachers have had no common philosophical or theoretical foundations. This research focuses on the first and second stages. An overall analysis of the first and second stages suggest that (1) drama in EFL education shifted its focus from the individual to the external world; (2) it became to develop more various aspects of a leaner; (3) it became to use more different forms and techniques of theatre; and (4) it became to introduce more child-centred approaches to the making of a dramatic performance. Keywords: Drama as a Method of Teaching English, Drama Education, English as a Foreign Language Education. 21 21 1882 11 111 36

1993 1950 1880 1888 1 1925 1903 4 2008 1923 1909 1913 1913 1915 135 3 1 1930 1970 2 1970 2000 3 2000 1 2 110 37

1 2 1930 1970 1880 50 1930 1932 1932 Irving Pichel Speech Standards and Colloquial Drama Pichel 1 2 1934 Hare p. 1 1905 no text 2004 p. 195 109 38

1935 p. 53 2 pp. 54 55 3 p. 55 2 6 3 3 4 1947 1951 1 14 1947 2005 108 39

1 2 1948 11 1 11 1970 1949 1949 1961 1960 1961 1950 1950 1962 1950 1959 1961 1955 1967 Nakabayashi 1950 5 1 2 3 4 1950 The goal is ability to make his mind function normally, like that of a native 107 40

the habit of thinking in English fusion identification fusion operation identification fusion operation pp. 1 2 1959 p. 153 1958 p. 33 106 41

1 2 20 1968 1997 p. 13 1922 p. 1 1923 p. 98 1923 1980 1923 pp. 248 249 105 42

12 1941 700 600 1941 2 2 1971 1961 1971 E 1922 18 The Oral Method of Teaching Languages 1978 p. 7 5 104 43

1 2 6 1999 English through Actions Palmer & Palmer, 1925 Imperative drill Free oral assimilation Action chain 3 2 1970 2000 1970 1971 1974 1977 1980 1985 4,948,366 1990 10,997,431 2017 1993 103 44

1994 1998 2003 1 1987 1978 1997 1979 1977 1981 1995 1970 1974 1977 p. 22 3 1 2 102 45

1 2 1977 p. 10 3 2 3 1 p. 53 p. 49 1994 p. 143 English through Musical Performance ETMP 101 46

ETMP 1 1 5 1 1970 1979 1 English through Drama 1983 1994 1981 1997 100 47

1 2 1977 1980 1977 1 1995 1999 1981 Communicative Language Teaching 3 1991 p. 70 99 48

p. 71 1983 Communicative Competence 4 4 L2 5 4 1 L2 2009 pp. 214 5 L2 L2 L2 2 1 1989 1 98 49

1 2 1 Creative Dramatics 1930 p. 3 p. 9 p. 4 1966 1973 B Creative Dramatics 1 1967 Development through Drama 97 50

1977 p. 15 7 7 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 96 51

1 2 1930 1970 3 2000 1 3 2005 3 pp. 71 80. 1941. 1949. 2004. 1987. 1949 Let's Play Awhile. 1978 pp. 1 21. 1961. 1960 1. 1923. 1980 1923 5 pp. 232 372. 1961. 1935. 1983 Speech Communication Oral Interpretation Readers Theatre 28 pp. 30 43. 1997 1. 1978. 1993. 1979 pp. 137 155. 1958 104 2 pp. 89. 1980 2 29 4 pp. 38 41. 1994 45 1 pp. 143 169. 1977. 1981. 95 52

1995 Drama Method pp. 209 214. 1977 26 5 pp. 9 11. 1961. 1999. 1950. 1950 24 5 pp. 118 152. 2008. 1971. 1974. 1922 1. 1923. 1925. 1950 The Golden Stage. 1997 30. 1968. 1970 1. 1989 50. 1955. 1950. 1997. 1959pp. 147 202. 1950 2005 2017 1 10 http://www.estat.go.jp/sg1/estat/list.do?bid=000001015027&cycode=0 1962. 1967. 1974. 1932 12 1 pp. 162 170. 1947. 1934. Ann Nakabayashi 1950. Harold E. Palmer Dorothee Palmer 1925 English through Actions. 94 53

1 2 Littlewood, William T. 1981 Communicative Language Teaching: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. Palmer, Harold E. 1921 The Oral Method of Teaching Languages: A Monograph on Conversational Methods. Cambridge: W. Heffer. Savignon, Sandra J. 1983 Communicative Competence: Theory and Classroom Practice: Texts and Contexts in Second Language Learning. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. 2009. Ward, Winifred. 1930 Creative Dramatics. New York: D. Appleton & Company. Way, Brian. 1967. Development through Drama. London: Longmans. 1977. 93 54