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2 2007 1 Waste Management Program 1970 1980 100 Sa : Ga : Nau : Ga : 3 1 20 56
2 1950 1 70 80 2003 2003 1 2003 : 453 1 1950 60 1970 1980 1990 57
1996 1989 2 3 3. 1 2008 14.7 2,662 Intensive Study & Research Centre, 2010 1991 2001 2.25 45 Adivasi/ Janajati 100 National Statistics Indigenous Peoples 2006 80.62 10.74 7 9,487 40,835 65 Census 2001 2010 6 1992 8 VDC Village Development Committee Palifal Layaku Bahirigaun Chithubihar Champa Devi Bishnudevi Balkumari Chobhar 1997 14.79 19 ward Kipu Kirtipur tole Kipu 13 58
1950 3. 2 1956 60 70 1951 1846 1950 NGO Fujikura 1996 1980 GTZ German Technical Cooperation Solid Waste Management Project JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency 3 Laxmi Ga : Buin Ga : Cha Bagh Bhairab Ga : 20 Hiti Ga : Naya Bazar 20 1 Gale Sa : Ga : Nau : Ga : Pore 20 59
80 2 3 1980 3 1986 6 2005 10 NGO 80 Waste Management Program 4 4. 1 Waste Management Program GTZ German Technical Cooperation Udle Urban Development through Local Effort JICA Solid Waste Management 1980 2004 2009 4. 1. 1 JOCV 1 5 5 1 JOCV 1 1 1 2 3 60
2 5 30 2004 JICA 20 4. 1. 2 2 48 1568 11 1579 10 JOCV 1 2009 1 61
2009 2 75 90 2 797 700 400 300 Sa : Ga : Nau : Ga : 62
5 VFSO 2009 2011 9 2012 3 Tanani Tole Sinaduva Tole 5. 1 SA : GA : 2 3 4 2 Jutho KIRTIPUR 1994 3 63
Bhoj 30 40 5. 2 2009 150 200 30 2011 85 33 A 60 TU B 1 2 B B 64
C 60 4 C 9 25 First plan 43 1 3 60 3 4 2009 D 50 65
D 5. 3 NAU : GA : 1 Cheli 5 Cobra 1 Mi Mitha 5. 4 5 4 66
40 5. 5 Ga : 6 GTZ JICA Urban Environmental Guidelines for Nepal gtz, udle, 1992 67
7 2009 GTZ JICA CKV Clean Kathmandu Vallay 6 Baddabaran Sdhar Samannya Samiti environment improvement coordination commitee 1 20 7 1 20 25 200 6 GTZ 1,500 68
90 2008 2003 67 4 pp.412 423. Amrit R. Vajracharya, 2009, Study on water sources of Kirtipur, Vfso. Fujikura, T, 1996, Technologies of Improvement, Locations of Culture : American Discourses of Democracy and Community Development in Nepal, Studies in Nepali History and Society, 1 2. Intensive Study & Research Centre, 2010, District & VDC Profile of Nepal, Intensive Study & Database of Nepal. 2003 2009 Udle 2008 1994 Mehrdad Shokoohy, Natalie H. Shokoohy, 1994, KIRTIPUR : An Urban Community in Nepal, It s People, Town Planning, Architecture and Arts, Araxus Books. Nepal Tamang Gedung, 2006, National Statistics & Indigenous Peoples, Nepal Tamang Ghedung, Central Secretariat, Jagadamba Press. 2007 69
Stone, Linda. 1989, The Cultural Crossroads of Community Participation in Development : A Case from Nepal, Human Organization 48 3 2003 67 4 pp.450 477. 2007 ekantipur, Retrieved July 12. 2012, http : //www.ekantipur.com/en/ nepalnews.com Retrieved July 12. 2012, http : / /www.nepalnews.com/archive/nepalnewsmain.php 70
Packaged Development Aid and Life Change Concerning the Hole of Garbage: A Case Study of Livelihood Improvement Project in Kirtipur, Nepal KASAI, Eriko Kwansei Gakuin University Abstract This paper describes the life change of local society that the livelihood improvement project about garbage problem causes in Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Although the problem of garbage is a problem that causes a universal environmental damage and physical damage, the source of the problem is closely concerned with a social cultural background. However, Waste Management Program developed all over the world disregard the context of local society. What did the project change in the local society, and how did local people accept these projects, and what did these projects bring about? In this case study, there are SA : GA ; and NAU : GA : in local house in Kirtipur City, old town. SA : GA ; and NAU : GA : are hole which have various norms and functions. But these projects as Waste Management Program has understood this hole only as dirty and garbage problems, and bleached the multilayer functions which the hole had. That is, the livelihood improvement project in Nepal has carried out not only economical dependence to international assistance but dependence of a social system. Key words: International aid, Livelihood Improvement, Living culture, Nepal 71