325 In this research, we created smartphone cases attaching a dimple or a wedge shaped object in order to improve eyes-free and single-handed touch accuracy. We considered that users could use these dimple or wedge shaped object as a tactile marker for a screen of smartphone. In the user study, we evaluated touch accuracies using a smartphone with each case. 1 [13] [15] (fat fingers problem [12]) [6] [8] A Study of Touch Accuracy using Smartphone Cases with a Dimple or a Wedge shaped Attachment. Yoshitomo Fukatsu, Hiroyuki Hakoda, Anna Noguchi, Buntarou Shizuki and Jiro Tanaka,, University of Tsukuba.,Vol.31, No.3 (2014),pp.325 335. [ ] 2013 10 10. 2 2. 1 Fukumoto [4]
326 Active Click Poupyrev TouchEngine [10] Ambient Touch[9] Fukumoto [3] Puyosheet Yu [16] Clip-on Gadgets 2. 2 Sánchez [11] Mobile Messenger 9 text-to-speech Binner [1] No-look Notes Apple iphone VoiceOver[14] Jain [5] Saponas [5] PocketTouch 3 3 3D (123D 1 ) 3D (Cubify 2 ) 3D ( 1a) 1.5 mm 1 ( 1b) [2] ( 1 ) ( 1c) 1 Autodesk 123D Design http://www.123dapp. com/design 2 Cube Cubify http://cubify.com/cube/
Vol. 31 No. 3 Aug. 2014 327 1 3D a) b) c) 4 (Apple iphone 4S 3.5 140 g) 4. 1 12 ( 6 6 19 24 ) 0 28 ( 10.3 8.6) 2 a) b) 4. 2 2 PC(Apple MacBook Pro 13 ) PC (Reflector 3 ) ( 3) () 4. 3 3 4. 3. 1 3 3 4. 3. 2 2 ( ) 3 3 Reflector http://www.airsquirrels.com/reflector/
328 ( ) [7] [18] [17] 4. 3. 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 2 [2] 2 2 98% ( 2a) 15 3 B( 15 ) PC ( 2b) 15 4 ( 50 ) PC ( 2b) 50 5 ( ) 2 4 3 2 3 1440 ((15 + 15 + 50) 3 2 3 ) 6 1 40 4. 4 4. 2 1 2 A( 15 ) 4. 5 1 3 ( ) 5 (5 1 ) 1 1 ( ) 1 2 (
Vol. 31 No. 3 Aug. 2014 329 ) 1 3 ( ) 1 4 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 5 (5 1 ) 2 1 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 2 3 ( ) 3 3 (3 3 4 4 5 5 ) (0% 100%) 3 1 3 2 4 5 3 3 4 4 5 5. 1 5% (F 2,22 = 1.969 p =.163) (F 1,11 =.789 p =.393) (F 2,22 = 106.802 p =.000) ( F 2,22 =.363 p =.700 6 5 5 F 4,44 =.821 p =.519 F 2,22 =.078 p =.925) 4 6 (3 3
330 7 3 3 8 4 4 F 2,22 =.527 p =.598 3 3 F 2,22 = 2.888 p =.077 4 4 F 2,22 = 2.580 p =.098 4 4 F 2,22 =.107 p =.899 5 5 F 2,22 =.593 p =.561 5 5 F 2,22 = 1.894 p =.174) Bonferroni 3 3 (p =.010 <.017 Bonferroni ) 7 9 10 12 ( ± 3 ) 9 5 5 5. 2 5. 2. 1 13 5% ( χ 2 (2) = 3.733 p =.155 χ 2 (2) =.744 p =.689 χ 2 (2) = 2.364 p =.307 χ 2 (2) = 3.167 p =.205)
Vol. 31 No. 3 Aug. 2014 331 11 4 4 10 3 3 5. 2. 2 14 5% (Z = -.707 p =.480) (Z = -1.134 p =.257) (Z = -2.323 p =.020) 5. 2. 3 ( ) 15 (F 2,22 = 63.609 p =.000 <.01) Bonferroni (p <.01) (F 2,22 = 32.183 p =.000 <.01) (F 2,22 = 106.073 p =.000 <.01) 12 5 5 6 3 3 ( 7 12)
332 13 14 15 (3 3 5 5 ) 7 (3 3 94.1% 94.0% 89.2%) 9 (5 5 62.5% 50.0% 58.3%) ( ) 10 3 3 () 5 5 ( 12) ( 1 32 ) ( 1 2 1 ) 1 3 3.50 3 ( 13) (3 3 5 5 ) (3 3 3 5 5 5 ) (3 3 93.1% 91.5% 93.0% 5 5 64.1% 61.6% 57.5%) ( 1 2
Vol. 31 No. 3 Aug. 2014 333 2 ) ( ) ( 1 31 ) 5 5 ( ) 8 4 8 ( 56.6% 58.3%) ( 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 31 ) ( 1 1 1 ) 1 1 2.58 1 2 3.00 3 ( 13) 7 3 3 95.1% 92.5% 92.4% (4 4 97.2% 90.0% 87.2% 5 5 87.5% 75.0% 50.0%) 12 5 5 ( ) ( 1 31 ) ( 1 21 ) ( 1 2 1 ) ( 1 1 3 ) ( 1 2 1 ) 1 2 3.33 3 ( 13) ( ) ( 2 2 1 ) ( 2 1 1 ) ( 2 11 2 2 2 ) ( 2 11 ) ( 2 1 1 )
334 ( ) ( ) 1 4 2 3 ( 13 14) 7 ( ) ( ) (3 3 4 4 5 5 ) ( ) [ 1 ] Bonner, M. N., Brudvik, J. T., Abowd, G. D. and Edwards, W. K.: No-look Notes: accessible eyes-free multi-touch text entry, in Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Pervasive Computing, Pervasive 10, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer- Verlag, 2010, pp. 409 426. [ 2 ] Fukatsu, Y., Oe, T., Kuno, Y. Shizuki, B. and Tanaka, J.: Evaluation of effects of textures attached to mobile devices on pointing accuracy, in Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction, HCII 13, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2013, pp. 255 263. [ 3 ] Fukumoto, M.: PuyoSheet and PuyoDots: simple techniques for adding button-push feeling to touch panels, in CHI 09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 09, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2009, pp. 3925 3930. [ 4 ] Fukumoto, M. and Sugimura, T.: Active Click: tactile feedback for touch panels, in CHI 01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 01, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2001, pp. 121 122. [ 5 ] Jain, M. and Balakrishnan, R.: User learning and performance with bezel menus, in Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 12, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2012, pp. 2221 2230. [ 6 ] Karlson, A. K. and Bederson, B. B.: Understanding single-handed mobile device interaction, Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, 2006. [ 7 ] MacKenzie, I. S. and Buxton, W.: Extending Fitts law to two-dimensional tasks, in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 92, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 1992, pp. 219 226. [ 8 ] Parhi, P., Karlson, A. K. and Bederson, B. B.: Target size study for one-handed thumb use on small touchscreen devices, in Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI 06, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2006, pp. 203 210. [ 9 ] Poupyrev, I., Maruyama, S. and Rekimoto, J.: Ambient Touch: designing tactile interfaces for handheld devices, in Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, UIST 02, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2002, pp. 51 60. [10] Poupyrev, I., Rekimoto, J. and Maruyama, S.: TouchEngine: a tactile display for handheld devices, in CHI 02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 02, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2002, pp. 644 645. [11] Sánchez, J. and Aguayo, F.: Mobile messenger for the blind, in Proceedings of the 9th conference on User interfaces for all, ERCIM 06, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2007, pp. 369 385. [12] Siek, K. A., Rogers, Y. and Connelly, K. H.: Fat finger worries: how older and younger users physically interact with PDAs, in Proceedings of the 2005
Vol. 31 No. 3 Aug. 2014 335 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human- Computer Interaction, INTERACT 05, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2005, pp. 267 280. [13] Silfverberg, M.: Using Mobile Keypads with Limited Visual Feedback: Implications to Handheld and Wearable Devices, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, MobileHCI 03, Springer-Verlag, 2003, pp. 76 90. [14] Apple - Accessibility - iphone - VoiceOver, http://www.apple.com/accessibility/voiceover/. [15] Yatani, K. and Truong, K. N.: SemFeel: a user interface with semantic tactile feedback for mobile touch-screen devices, in Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, UIST 09, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2009, pp. 111 120. [16] Yu, N.-H., Tsai, S.-S., Hsiao, I.-C., Tsai, D.-J., Lee, M.-H., Chen, M. Y. and Hung, Y.-P.: Clipon Gadgets: expanding multi-touch interaction area with unpowered tactile controls, in Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, UIST 11, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 2011, pp. 367 372. [17],, : Influence of size and shape of switch on operability in portable resistive touch-sensitive screen,, Vol. 77, No. 780(2011), pp. 3036 3046. [18] : Fitts, Progress in Human Interface, Vol. 5(1996), pp. 5 12. 1989 2013 ACM 1991 1989 2012 1971 1994 2000 ( ) ACM IEEE Computer Society 1975 1977 1984 PhD. in Computer Science 1985 1988 ( ) 1993 ACM IEEE