( ) 2000 Oct. 16 Part.1 earliest version by S.N. 2000 Nov. 07 Part.2 earliest version by S.N. 2000 Nov. 14 Part.3 earliest version by S.N. 2003 Jul. 23 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N. 2004 Apr. 06 Minor-revised all Part by S.N. 2004 Jul. 07 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N. 2005 Feb. 13 Minor-revised Part.1 by S.N. 2009 Dec. 10 Major-revised all Part by S.N. ( ) 1 20 2000 ( ) minor-revision (2009 12 10 ) (black body radiation) (emission line) (absorption line) (extinction) (color) ( ) 1000 1 ( ) 1
r 1/4 ( ; U B ) ( ; Rc Ic ) i) (UV) ii) iii) iv) v) i) v) ( ) UNIX(or Linux) IRAF 2 2005 ( ) 2 IRAF = Image Reduction and Analysis Facility: 2
I ( ) 5 1 ( ) 5 2 ( ) 5 3 ( ) 6 3.1..................................... 6 3.2.................................... 6 3.3.......................................... 7 3.3.1............................... 7 3.3.2............................. 8 4 8 4.1 IRAF/IMSURFIT................................... 8 4.2 MEDIAN........................................ 9 4.3 MODE.......................................... 9 4.4 mode................................... 9 4.5 SPIRAL/SKYSUB................................... 9 5 10 5.1 Seeing...................................... 10 5.1.1 GAUSS................................... 10 5.1.2 STSDAS/lucy............................... 10 5.2................................... 10 5.3.................................... 11 6 11 6.0.1 IMCOMBINE offsets...................... 11 6.0.2 IMSHIFT.................................... 12 6.0.3 SPIRAL/imregist................................ 12 7 12 8 : 12 8.1................................... 12 8.2............................. 13 8.3 seeing....................... 13 8.4..................... 13 8.5............................. 14 II ( ) 15 3
9 ( ) 15 9.1 ( )............................... 15 9.2 ( ).................................... 16 9.3 ( )....................... 17 10 18 10.1................................ 18 10.2.................................... 18 10.3.................................... 19 10.4................................ 19 11 20 12 20 12.1 APPHOT............................................ 20 12.2 DAOPHOT........................................... 21 12.3 DoPHOT............................................ 21 12.4 Source Extractor(SExtractor)................................. 21 12.5 FOCAS............................................. 21 12.6 SKYCAT/GAIA........................................ 21 13 21 13.1 ( )...................................... 22 13.2 ( )..................................... 22 13.3......................................... 23 13.4..................................... 24 III 25 14 25 15 25 15.1........................................... 25 15.2...................................... 26 15.3........................................ 26 15.4 flux density................................. 27 15.5 ( )............................ 27 15.6................................ 27 15.7......................................... 28 15.7.1.................................. 28 15.7.2 Galactic extinction: mg............................... 28 15.7.3 Internal extinction: m i............................... 28 15.7.4 K-dimming: m k................................... 29 16 29 4
I ( ) 1 ( ) (raw data) 1.! 2. CCD 3. ( ) 4. 5. (air glow) (city light) 6. CCD (flat) ( ) = {( ) + ( ) + ( )} ) + ( ) + ( ) (1) ( ) ( ) (reduction: ) 2 ( ) (1) (flat fielding) S/N(signal to noise ratio) (cosmic rays) 2 ( ) ( ) IRAF imarith S/N imcombine 5
3 ( ) 3.1 CCD 10 (dark.lst) IRAF cdark.fits imcombine @dark.lst cdark.fits combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 imcombine @dark.lst cdark.fits combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 (rawdata.lst) (dsub.lst) imarith @rawdata.lst cdark.fits @dsub.lst (rawdata.lst ) (cdark.fits) dsub.lst cdark.fits cdark.fits 3.2 10 (bias.lst) bias.fits imcombine @bias.lst bias.fits combine=median combine median combine=average reject=sigclip hsigma=3 lsigma=3 ( 6
less) (data.lst) (bsub.lst) imarith @data.lst bias.fits @bsub.lst data.lst bias.fits bsub.lst data.lst rawdata.lst bias.fits 3.3 (flat fielding) ( ) (twilight flat) CCD CCD ( ) 3.3.1 10 ( 10 ) ( ) ( ) (bsflat.lst ) imstat @bsflat.lst fields=mode format=no > bsflatmode.dat flatmode.dat fields=midpt (IRAF?) (normalize) (nmflat.lst) nmflat.lst 7
imarith @bsflat.lst / @bsflatmode.dat @nmflat.lst imcombine @nmflat.lst flat.fits combine= median flat.fits 3.3.2 (bsobj.lst) (ffobj.lst) imarith @bsobj.lst / flat.fits @ffobj.lst ffobj.lst 4 4.1 IRAF/IMSURFIT ( ) ( ffobj.lst ) ( ssobj.lst ) xorder=? yorder=? xmedian=? ymedian=? (? xorderyorder=0 4 xmedianymedian=32 256 CCD ) xorderyorder xmedianymedian imsurfit @ffobj.lst @ssobj.fits type ou=residual type ou fit 8
4.2 MEDIAN imsurfit (?) imsurfit median (imput image name) (output image name) xwindow=? ywindow=? xwindow ywindow (xwindows ywindows=32 256?) 4.3 MODE MEDIAN MEDIAN MODE imsurfit mode (imput image name) (output image name) xwindow=? ywindow=? xwindow ywindow (median ) MEDIAN 4.4 mode imstat imarith imsurfit xorder=0 yorder=0 4.5 SPIRAL/SKYSUB SPIRAL(Surface Photometry Interactive Reduction and Analysis Library: http://jaipa.nao.ac.jp/member IRAF SPIRAL skysub ( ) 1) 2) 3) imsurfit ( ) 9
5 S/N Seeing 5.1 Seeing seeing artificial seeing imexam seeing seeing 5.1.1 GAUSS IRAF gauss Gaussian (?) input file output file Gaussian Gaussian seeing seeing seeing ( ) 5.1.2 STSDAS/lucy STSDAS(=Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System: http://www.stsci.edu /resources/software hardware/stsdas) IRAF LUCY PSF (=Point Spread Function) PSF ( ) PSF 1 ( ) artificial PSF 5.2 seeing (airmass = ) ( ) 10
( ) ( airmass) IRAF imarith 5.3 ( ) 1) 2) 1) IRAF x1:x2 y1:y2 fixpix (image1.fits) (badpix.dat) fixpix image1.fits badpix.dat artificial image1. fits OK 6 IRAF imcombine 6.0.1 IMCOMBINE offsets imcombine offsets x y imexam ( x y ) 1 11
6.0.2 IMSHIFT IRAF imshift x y 1 imshift 6.0.3 SPIRAL/imregist SPIRAL/imregist 1 x y skysub ( ) x y ( ) 7 IMRED/CCDRED/cosmicrays ( ) combine=average reject=sigslip hsigma=? lsigma=? imcombine ( ) combine=median 1 2 cosmicrays combine=median CCD 8 : 8.1 (1) ( ) = {( )+( )+( )} ( )+( )+( ) (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) ( ) = {( )+( )+( )} ( )+( )+( ) (3) (2) 12
(2) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) (2) (3) ( ) + ( ) (4) ( ) (5) (4) (5) 8.2 1 ( ) imshift SPIRAL/imregist 8.3 seeing seeing ( ) IRAF/GAUSS 8.4 seeing (4) (5) ( ) 1 CCD SED ( ) SED 13
flux fluxes fluxes IRAF/imexam a IRAF/APPHOT 8.5 SED ( ) (2009 11 2kCCD ) ( ) 14
II ( ) 9 ( ) 9.1 ( ) astrometry (magnitude) (Hipparchus) 19 (Pogson) ( ) 1 1 6 100 5 100 2.5 2.5 λ (flux density)f λ (erg s 1 cm 2 Å 1 ) λ m λ F λ 10 0.4m λ (6) 10 0.4 1 2.5 (2.5 0.4 ) (6) xx yy erg/s 6 xx (αlyr) 0 ( 0 V 0.03 ) F λ0 (6) F λ = F λ0 10 0.4m λ (7) F λ0 (7) m λ0 = 2.5 log F λ0 m λ = m λ0 2.5 log F λ (8) F λ m λ m λ0 m λ0 (magnitude zero point) ( : calibration) C λ ( ADU: Analog-to-Digital Unit) (linearity) C 15
F λ (8) F λ C λ C λ m λ m λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 C λ = C λ0 10 0.4m λ (9) m λ = m λ0 2.5 log C λ (10) F λ C λ α F λ = αc λ (11) α (flux calibration) 9.2 ( ) I 0 κ x I [ ] I = I 0 exp κdx (12) ( ) h z κ 0 (12) exp κdx = sec z κdh = κ 0 sec z (13) (12) I = I 0 exp [ κ 0 sec z] (14) 2.5 log I = 2.5 log I 0 + 2.5κ 0 sec z log e (15) 2.5 log I 0 2.5 log I κ 0 z z ( ) (13) κdx = F (z)κ 0 (16) F (z) sec z (Bemporad) 1 F (z) sec z F (z) = sec z 0.0018167(sec z 1) 0.002875(sec z 1) 2 0.0008083(sec z 1) 3 (17) (17) z < 80 0.1% 16
1: z sec z F (z) z sec z F (z) 0 1.000 1.000 60 2.000 1.995 10 1.015 1.015 65 2.366 2.356 20 1.064 1.064 70 2.924 2.904 30 1.155 1.154 75 3.864 3.816 40 1.305 1.305 80 5.759 5.598 50 1.556 1.554 κ 0 ( ) z ( ) (photometric standard stars) p m obs m cat (m obs m cat ) F (z) (m obs m cat ) F (z) z (airmass plot) ( ) κ λ0 m λ = m λ + κ λ0 F (z) (18) m λ κ λ0f (z) s ( ) m λ 9.3 ( ) Landolt (1992) Johnson-Cousins U B V Rc Ic 1) 2) (CCD ) 3) ( Rc Ic ) ( U B ) ( ) ( ) ( SED) m λ m λ Col n(n = 1 2 3...) 17
m λ = m λ + Col 1 color + Col 2 color 2 + Col 3 color 3 +... (19) color B V g r Col n n ( ) (color transformation coefficient) color 2 ( ) Col 1 10 10.1 (18) (19) m λ m λ m λ = m λ + a + Col 1 color + κ λ0 F (z) (20) a 0 Col 1 0 κ λ0 Col 1 (20) m λ m λ = a + Col 1 color + κ λ0 F (z) (21) a Col 1 κ λ0 Col 1 a κ λ0 (21) F (z) sec z 10.2 1. ( I ) 2. m λ0 m λ0 m λins (instrumental magnitude) C λ (ADU) m λ0 m λins m λins = m λ0 2.5 log C λ (22) 3. (ADU) 10 1000(ADU) 10 1000(ADU) 100 10000(ADU) = 30 10 m λ0 30 2.5 log 1000 22.5 100 30 2.5 log 10000 20 (20) (21) a 18
4. m λcat m λins m λcat m λins F (z)( sec m n m λcat m λins = m F (z) + n (23) F (z) (17) 1 m n m λcat m λins 5. m λ0 10.3 1. ( I ) 2. m λ0 m λ0 m λins 3. (21) color (instrumental color ) a Col 1 κ λ0 gnuplot 4. (aperture photometry) (surface photometry) 10.4 ( ) (10) m λ0 m λ0 (10) ( extended sources ) mag arcsec 2 1 1 1ADU 1 arcsec 2 1ADU µ λ0 1 ( ) m λ0 µ λ0 1 1(pixel) = S(arcsec 2 ) 1 arcsec 2 (ADU) (9) 1 S C λ = 1 S C λ010 0.4m λ = C λ010 0.4µ λ (24) 19
C λ0 1 arcsec2 (24) m λ µ λ (24) 2.5 log C λ0 + 2.5 log S = log C λ0 (25) m λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 µ λ0 = 2.5 log C λ0 m λ0 + 2.5 log S = µ λ0 (26) µ λ0 1(arcsec 2 ) 1(ADU) 11 λ 1 λ 2 (λ 1 < λ 2) m λ 1 m λ 2 - m λ 2 m λ1 - m λ2 m λ 1 (m λ1 m λ2 ) = p 12 + q 12 (m λ 1 m λ 2 ) + r 12 F (z) (27) p 12 0 q 12 1 ( 2 ) r 12 F (z) sec z p 12 q 12 r 12 p 12 r 12 q 12 (27) q 12 (color-color transformation coefficient) 12 m λ IRAF IRAF 12.1 APPHOT IRAF ( ) 20
12.2 DAOPHOT IRAF Point Spread Function (PSF) (PSF ) Gaussian profile Stetson P. B. 1987 DAOPHOT - A computer program for crowded-field stellar photometry PASP 99 191-222. 12.3 DoPHOT IRAF/DAOPHOT PSF Schechter P. L. Mateo M. & Saha A. 1993 DoPHOT A CCD Photometry Program: Description and Tests PASP 105 1342-1353. 12.4 Source Extractor(SExtractor) IRAF Source Extractor σ ( ) ( ) Bertin E. & Arnouts S. 1996 SExtractor: Software for source extraction A&AS 117 393-404. ( ) 12.5 FOCAS IRAF Faint Object Classification and Analysis System Faint Object Camera And Spectrograph for the subaru telescope SExtractor INT ( ) Jarvis J. F. & Tyson J. A. 1981 FOCAS Faint Object Classification and Analysis System AJ 86 476-495. 12.6 SKYCAT/GAIA IRAF SKYCAT add-on Aperture Draper P. W. 2000 GAIA: Recent Developments ASP. Conf. Ser. 216 615-618. 13 (photometric standard stars) (spectrophotometric standard stars: ) 21
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III 14 IRAF IRAF 1) 2) ( ) 3) 4) flux 5) ( ) 6) 7) 15 m 0 mag µ 0 mag arcsec 2 15.1 ( H 0 km s 1 Mpc 1 ) v gal (km s 1 ) D gal (Mpc) D gal = v gal /H 0 (28) 0 (z 0.5 ) ( 10kpc ) Our Galaxy (Milky Way) Virgo infall ( ) Our Galaxy (Milky Way) Our Galaxy (Virgo Cluster) (Virgo infall) heliocentric radial velocity V helio (km s 1 ) Our Galaxy Our Galaxy V GSR (km s 1 ) (GSR: Galactic Standard of Rest) (Galactic longitude) (Galactic latitude) l b V GSR = V helio + 9 cos l cos b + 232 sin l cos b + 7 sin b (29) 25
V GSR (28) v gal (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991) 15.2 ( = ) ( ) seeing ( ) seeing = XX arcsec XX S/N = XX XX XX ( ) seeing (...) 1 ( 1σ )I BG IRAF/imstat ( ) I BG S/N FWHM 1σ 1σ µ BG1σ µ BG1σ = µ 0 2.5 log I BG (30) II 1 UH88 8k-mosaic CCD 1 pixel = 0.13 arcsec ( 2 pixel binning 1 pixel = 0.26 arcsec) I BG 0.13 arcsec 0.13 arcsec m 0 I BG (1 arcsec 1 arcsec) / (0.13 arcsec 0.13 arcsec) m 0 µ 0 I BG 15.3 (aparent magnitude) C gal (10) m gal Aperture photometry IRAF/APPHOT SKYCAT/GAIA SExtractor FOCAS aperture photometry (isophotal magnitude) 26
15.4 flux density m gal flux density f λgal f λgal = f λ0 10 0.4 m gal (31) flux density f νgal f νgal = f ν0 10 0.4 m gal (32) f λ0 f λ0 ( ) flux Fukugita et al. (1995) f λ f ν (flux) f f λ = df/dλ f ν = df/dν f λ dλ = f ν dν (33) c = λν f λ f ν 15.5 ( ) SPIRAL/isophotes STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ( ) SPIRAL/isophotes fits ( ) (contour map: ) vi :wq vi STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ellipse epar ellipse ellipse (pset) ellipse :e :q isomap 15.6 SPIRAL STSDAS SPIRAL/PROFS mmprof vprof ( ) mmprof prfplot vprof vprof gnuplot windows Ngraph 27
STSDAS/ANALYSIS/ISOPHOTE ellise isoplot STSDAS tedit 15.7 15.7.1 2 D G (pc) (aparent magnitude) m λgal (absolute magnitude) M λgal M λgal = m λgal + 5 5 log D G (34) 3 1. Our Galaxy (Milky Way) (Galactic extinction) 2. (Internal extinction) 3. (K-dimming) Galactic extinction Internal extinction K-correction (K-dimming ) mg m i m k M gal M λgal = m λgal + 5 5 log D G m g m i m k (35) V -band (mag) A V 15.7.2 Galactic extinction: mg Galactic extinction Our Galaxy (Milky Way) (1994) (Hi ) (Burstein & Heiles 1982) IRAS 100 µm (Schlegel 1998) Our Galaxy ( ) ( Cardelli et al. 1989) NED(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database: http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/) mg mg 15.7.3 Internal extinction: m i Internal extinction (HST) M104( ) ( ) m i 28
2: The internal extinction coefficients Type D K D H D J D V D B D U E-S0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 S0a 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.40 0.39 0.31 Sa 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.55 Sab 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.48 0.56 0.77 Sb 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.52 0.60 0.70 Sbc 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.45 0.52 0.55 Sc 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.57 0.67 0.65 Irr 0.11 0.17 0.28 0.72 0.84 0.98 Taken from Gavazzi & Boselli (1996) face-on view edge-on view m i Gavazzi & Boselli (1996) m i = 2.5 D(type) log(d min /D maj ) (36) D(type) internal extinction coefficients 2 D maj D min major axes minor axes 15.7.4 K-dimming: m k K-dimming m k m k = 2.5 log(1 + z) + 2.5 log 0 0 S(λ)I 0 (λ)dλ S(λ)I z (λ)dλ I 0 (λ) I z (λ) rest-frame z SED S(λ) (filter response function: ) 1 2 spectral energy distribution (SED) redshift m k ( 1990 ) Kinney et al. (1996: B-band) Coleman et al. (1980: U B V R-band) Pence (1976: U B V -band) ( ) K-correction (37) 16 II Burstein D. & Heiles C. 1982 AJ 87 1165 Cardelli J. A. Clayton G. C. & Mathis J. S. 1989 ApJ 345 245 Coleman G. D. Wu C.-C. & Weedman D. W. 1980 ApJS 43 393 29
de Vaucouleurs G. de Vaucouleurs A. Corwin C. Jr. Buta R. J. Paturel G. & Fouqúe P. 1991 Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. (Springer-Verlag) Fukugita M. Shimasaku K. & Ichikawa T. 1995 PASP 107 945 Gavazzi G. & Boselli A. 1996 Astro. Lett. and Comm. 35 1 Kinney A. L. Calzetti D. Bohlin R. C. McQuade K. Storchi-Bergmann T. & Schmitt H. R. 1996 ApJ 467 38 Pence W. 1976 ApJ 203 39 Persson. S. E. et al. 1998 AJ 116 2475 Schlegel D. J. Finkbeiner D. P. & Davis M. 1998 ApJ 500 525 1997 1 ( 90 1 ) p. 23 1994 p. 421 I 1981 p. 115 (1997 ) 1997 HST 1995 HST ( 1 ) IRAF ( 2 2 ) 1994 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) SPIRAL (JAXA) 2kCCD 2009 11 2kCCD ( ) ( ) (2009/12/10 nishiura@ugakuge.ac.jp) 30