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73 88 Takeshi MIZUGUCHI This article investigates several studies, proposals and practices regarding environmental accounting and environmental information disclosure. Objects of the investigation include the revision of Environmental Accounting Guidelines of Japanese MOE(Ministry of Environment), the proposal of environmental accounting framework from Japanese Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Guidance Document of Environmental Management Accounting from IFAC, Japanese MITI project for promoting material flow cost accounting, the SIGMA(Sustainability Integrated Guidelines for Management) project in UK, the Manual of Eco-Efficiency Indicator from UNCTAD, GRI Guidelines, ISAE3000 of IFAC, AA1000 Guidelines of AccountAbility, OFR regulation in UK and so on. Through these investigations some implications for re-building framework of environmental accounting are extracted. Main implications are that a) corporate environmental accounting should have linkage with macro environmental accounting, b) environmental accounting should be based on material flow, c) environmental accounting should not pursue single integrated performance indicator. 19992004 712

CSR GRI NPO AccountAbility AA1000 AA1000AS 2005 1 1

CO 2 2005 1 2 1993 1999 1999 2002 17 2004 22 2005

1 3 CSR 2 1 USEPA 1995

WIN-WIN 2 2 2005 IFAC 99 UNDSD 10 UNDSD IFAC

IFAC 2 3 1999 2002 11 IFAC Institut für Management und Umwelt : IMU 2004 12

2 4 IFAC

3 1 SIGMA Sustainability Integrated Guidelines for Management DTI1999 BSI 2003 SIGMA SIGMA 13 SIGMA Environmentally sustainable profit CO 2 SIGMA 14 15 SIGMA 3 2 Eco-efficiency

CO 2 LCA CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 2004UNCTAD ISAR Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting 16 17 UNCTAD 2008 2012 1990 2012 GDP GDP CO 2 GDP GDP 18 SIGMA UNCTAD

3 3 19 ROI 4 1 3000 20 CSR NPO 2004

21 22 IFAC 2003 ISAE3000 23 ISAE3000 CSR 24 CSR CSR GRI Global Reporting Initiative 2005 IFAC GRI suitable criteria GRI CSR SEAP Sustainability Experts Advisory Panel IFAC GRI 4 2 1000 1000 NPO AccountAbility 25 GRI IFAC IASE3000 AA1000 AA1000AS AA1000 26 AA1000AS 27 AA1000 ISAE3000 CSR AA1000

28 2005 AA1000SE 29 4 3 CSR EU 2005 OFR 30 OFR OFRASB ASB 2005 OFR 31 OFR KPI KPI KPI KPI KPI OFR KPI 2005 OFR KPI 4 4 2004 2005 13 ) 20012003

OFR

32 2005 2004 2004 40 2005 48 20052005 1998 2001 11 2004 CSR R-BEC004 NPO 2000 2002 180 2005 2002 USEPA(1995), An Introduction to Environmental Accounting As a Business Management Tool : Key Concepts and Terms, United States Environmental Protection Agency 2000 BP USEPA 2000 USEPA(2000), The Lean and Green Supply Chain : A Practical Guide for Materials Managers and Supply Chain Managers to Reduce Costs and Improve Environmental Performance, United States Environmental Protection Agency 2000 BP IFAC(2005), International Guidance Document : Environmental Management Accounting, International Federation of Accountants. United Nations Division for Sustainable Development : UNDSD 1999 Expert working group on improving the role of government in the promotion of environmental management accounting 2001 UNDSD(2001), Environmental Management Accounting : Procedures and Principles, United Nations. 10 IFAC(2005), op cit., p.19. 11 2002 12

13 SIGMA Project (2003), SIGMA Environmental Accounting Guide. SIGMA Forum for the Future 14 CO 2 15 16 ISAR (2004), A Manual for the Preparers and Users of Eco-efficiency Indicators, UNCTAD. 17 SIGMA 18 SIGMA 19 20052005 10 10 G-3 2005 2005 20 2005 21 2004 22 23 IFAC(2003), International Standard on Assurance Engagements 3000 (ISAE3000): Assurance Engagements Other Than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information, International Federation of Accountants. 24 KPMG (2005), KPMG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2005 2005 KPMG 2005 25 AccountAbilityNPOA 26 AccountAbility (1999), AA1000 Framework : Standard, Guidelines and Professional Qualification. 27 AccountAbility (2003), AA1000 Assurance Standard. 28 IRCA Sustainability Assurance Practitioner Program Associate Sustainability Assurance Practitioner Sustainability Assurance Practitioner Lead Sustainability Assurance Practitioner IRCA International Register of Certificated Auditors ISO9000 1984 29 AccountAbility (2005), AA1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard. 30 UK Government (2005), Statutory Instrument 2005 No.1011 The Companies Act 1985 (Operating and Financial Review and Directors' Report etc.) Regulations 2005. 2005 11 31 ASB (2005), Reporting Standard 1 : Operating and Financial Review, Accounting Standards Board. 32 2000

2002 FT500 500CO 2 CO 2 2005155 21http://www.cdproject.net/.