v (.5 v x (.98 3R k R. v v x B M m M v x v y v z v 3 v x m v mol M v 3 U U R ****************** 500 kcal 60 kg (.3 0 m. mgh t w t (500 kcal (4.84 0 J kcal (4 h (60 min h (60 s min (60 kg (9.80 m s (60 s min 3 (0 m 98 W W
99.6 C mol 99.6 C (a (bq, w, U, H 99.6 C H 40.66 kj mol (a 000 ha (b (a 000 ha (000 ha 99.6 C cf. (6.9 (a d 0 q H n H 40.66 kj (n w exd d R (8.34 J mol U q + w 40.66 kj 3.0 kj 37.56 kj (37.75 (0 ( U H ( H q + w (b w 0 U H w 0 q U w U U H q R kj J.0 kj (s (s c H 808 kj mol 344 kj mol C 6 H O (s CH 3 CH(OHCOOH (s ( mol cf. p.60 ( C 6 H O 6 (s + 6O (g 6CO (g + 6H O (l ( CH 3 CH(OHCOOH (s + 3O (g 3CO (g + 3H O (l ( ( H H H r c r H / ch c 0.047 808 kj mol 344 kj mol H c c H 0 kj mol 808 kj mol 344 kj mol 0 C 0 Ω C 0.0 J 0 A 0 s (w elec (q (cf. (.53 elec ( 3 0 q w I Rt 0 A (0 Ω (0 s C C C 0.0 J (cf. (3.43
ln + ln C d(ln C ln S surr 0 S (0.0 J ln 83 83 5. J 300 40 atm n 0 mol 0 atm C 0.8 J mol (w ( q 0 U w nc ( ( w w ex ( nr ( (( C ( R R C + R C + C (8.34 J mol (0 atm (0.8 J mol + (300 40 atm 36 R + ( C + R [(0.8 J mol + (8.34 J mol ] (3.53 C C + R / / R /( C + R R R R /( C + R 0 atm (300 40 atm 8.34 J mol [(0.8 J mol + (8.34 J mol ] 0
(Frederick homas routon, 8639 b H / b H S 85 J mol b 6 C H S 3 S 09.J mol ( G 0 S 85 J mol, H b S (399 (85 J mol (0 kj J 39 kj mol 3.0 0 3 S (cf. (4.3 S kb lnw S N S N k lnw RlnW (8.34 J mol A A B ln(.0 0 3 6 0 J mol 00 C mol 0 C mol C 75 J mol ( w w 0 ( ( U q + q 0 Ssurr 0 q q > 0 ( ( 50 C (3.44
33 b S nc ln (mol (75 J mol ln 0.8 J a 373 33 S (mol (75 J mol ln.6 J 73 S univ S + Ssurr S S + S.8 J > 0 cf. 4. (4.3 W 3.5.3. (4.34(4.35 S kb N i ln p i ( i ( 0 p, pi> 0 S( 0 0 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, 88944 arrow of time 0 (Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 90995 983 60 n mol U S A G H
3 U U nr. 3.4. 0 cf U 0 H 0 H 0 H U + ( U + ( nr 0 (4.8 S nrln (3.8 A U S S nr ln (5.7 d 0(5.4 du 0 (3.0 G H S S nr ln A S nr ln A (5.6 d 0(5.5 dh 0 G S nr ln
DNA DNA 5 C trh 35 kj mol / trs 88 J mol / ( G H S cf. 5.7 tr tr tr tr G > 0 tr G < 0 (cf. p.6 tr H (stacking tr S trg trh trs 5 C tr G > 0 tr H > 0 tr H tr S tr G < 0 > tr H / trs 3 > tr H / trs (35 kj mol / (0 J kj / trs 88 J mol / 73 8 C A C G tr H S vs. C /C H S S H C cf. (5.3(3.38 H U S S U C cf. (5.3(3.40 U C /C C > C ( (34 S (5.7
(5.6( (.40 (5.6(5.8(5.9(5.0G S nr (.40 S nr S nr ln S S S d nr ln d(ln nrln const. S nrln cf. (4.8 G nr ln (5.45 H U + ( U + ( nr 0 G H S S H S S G S nrln G S r S r H G '( r S r H (5.39 r G '( rg ( rs ( 98.5 (5.4 r G '( rg ( + rh rg ( r G '( + rh G '( r ν G '( r r r r r,gas
H (g + O (g H O (l ν 3 H (g + O / (g H O(l ν 3/ r, gas r, gas (5.44 r G '( rg ( + r ( (5.45 rg '( rg ( + rν nr ln ( n (aq C H 5 OH(l + CO (g rg 4 kj mol q 79 kj mol cf. 37 C q r H rg ( rg '( + rh (30 ( 4 kj mol 98 + ( 79 kj mol S 486 J mol r G '( rg ( + rs ( r 30 0 kj mol 98 G f D.90 kj mol dc.5 g cm dd 3.5g cm (s (s 5 C G 0 G G r r G '( G ( + d r r f D fg C fg D r G '( G ( + ( r r r f C (5.44 G '( 0 r < r D C M d D D M d C C M d C D M d C C (.0 g mol 3.5g cm.5 g cm.9cm 3 mol
3 5 ( 4 > r G fg D (.90 kj mol (0 J kj (0 bar a bar.5 0 3 6 3 3 r r (.9cm mol (0 m cm r (5.4 U S U U U du d + d ( U A A U S (3.8 A U ( A ( 5.5 U + (3 (3.40 U (4 ( d U d + d (5 (5(5.4U (5.4 S d U, 0 d U, < 0 S S bar S C 5 C x 0 cm x 0 A U 0 (.5 k 0 N cm w non w out wnon wout F (.7 wout Fdx x x x x kxdx
(5. 0 N cm ( x x ( (0 cm (0 m cm 0.05 J x k A wnon x kxdx wout > 0 (3.8 U 0 U A + S 0 A 0.05 J 4 S.9 0 J 98 q S A rev
b ln( / 3.+ 4.89 (0 3 b bar 99.6 C H O f H f S C C / (6.9 H R H (489 R (489 (8.34J mol (0 kj J 40.66 kj mol (6.7 3 H ( 40.66 kj mol (0 J kj S 09.J mol (73.5 + (99.6 (3.33(3.39 H ( [ H [( 4.8 kj mol + [(33.58 kj mol H 40.90 kj mol (3.43 ] + ( C b f HO(g f HO(l,HO(g,HO(l S ( [ S [(88.83 J mol + [(33.58 J mol S ( 85.83 kj mol (75.9 kj mol ] + ( C (69.9 J mol (75.9 J mol C 09.6 J mol (6.6 ] C ] ] (0 b f HO(g f HO(l,HO(g,HO(l ( b kj mol b ln (73.5 + 99.6 ] ln (73.5 + 5.0 (99.6 5.0 ln H R b, R H H + R b, b, b, va p va p R H b, va p S + R R S S 3.R 3.*(8.34 J mol 09.0 J mol
H O(g a H O(g H O(g (6.9 ( ln ( H R b, b, va p b, b, va p (7.4 (6.9 (cf. H ln ( R b, b, (bar ( H 3.8 H H ( H ( b, + C ( b, C C (g C (l ( ( (6.7( (6.7( H d(ln d R H( b, R C b, d + ( H( b, C b, C + ln ln (3 R b, R b, C R d
(73.5 + (99.6 37.8 H( 40.66 kj mol b, b, C C,H O(g C,H O(l (33.58 J mol (75.9 J mol 4.7J mol ((3 (( (3 350 00 ka c m c m (6.55(6.49 m m m 0.3 C m mπ (.855 kg mol (00 0 a (0 c R (8.34 J mol (350 3 m 3 kg 0.3 - c / c O W (M. g mol 76 3.5 g dm 3 - tr G - G R ln c tr O c W ( 8.34 J mol 76 (3.5 g dm (.g mol (97.5 ln(76 (0. mol dm kj J 0.7 kj mol -
kg (M 8.0 g mol 0 C 0 C H 6007 J mol, C (s 38.0 J mol, C (l 75. J mol fus q H n( C 000 g 8.0 g mol 397 kj (s + s fus [(38.0 J mol H + C (l (0 + 6007 l J mol + (75. J mol (0 ] (0 kj J
+ + ( rg ' 303 004 J mol + + ( rg ' 303 004 J mol + + 303 c 0 mol dm 3 c 0 mol dm 3 c 0 4 mol dm 3 c 0 5 mol dm 3