Surface elevation changes of Rhonegletscher from 2007 to 2017 Observational report of GPS survey for ten years Ryo Hazuki (1) Yutaka Kurosaki (1) Marie Uemura (1) (1) Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University 1
1. Introduction 1,633 km2 11% 99% 1 IPCC 4 (2007)) 1960 2003 0.14 0.41 (mm/year) 0.50 0.18 (mm/year) 1993 2003 0.21 0.35 (mm/year) 0.77 0.22 (mm/year) Rhone 1980 (Huss et al., 2008) (Fig. 1) Fig.1 Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four f Alpinee glaciers since 1865-2006 (Huss et al., 2008). Rhone 1 2
18 1874 2000 1.8km 0.6 km22005 (Sugiyama et al., 2008) 2100 94% (Wallinga et al., 1998) (Jouvet et al., 2009, Chen et al., 1990) (Nishimura and others et al.., 2013) Fig.2 Aerial view of Rhonegletscher from the south in (a)1860 and (b) 1962 (Nishimura et al.., 2013). 3
Fig.3 View of Rhonegletscher from thee south in 2017. 2007 GPS (global positioning system) Rhone 4
2. Study site and method 2-1. Study site R Rhone (46 35 N,, 8 23E) 9 km 17 km2 (Sugiyama et al., 2008) 2300 3500m Rhone 810 Rover Reference Fig. 4 Study site and observe points. 2-2. Method GPS 2017 9 2 12 20 32 (Fig. 4) 2007 7 (Kinematic positioning) Rhone GPS 5
GPS cm GPS Leica Viva GNSS GS10 receiver (Fig. 5) RTK-GPS (Reference) (Easting 672680.178 m, Northing 159037.537 m, Elevation 2286.191 m) (Rover) 2 GPS 2 cm km GPS GPS (GARMIN etrex Vista HCx) GPS 1 m (a) (b) (c) 6
Fig. 5 Photographs showing (a)the structure of Leica Viva GNSS GS10 receiver, (b) a surveyer with a rover station, (c) the reference station. 2007 7 GPS 2007 7 (1) (2) (3) (1) Q= (dx 2 +dy 2 ) 1/2 (2) V= Q / (n) (3) σ= = 2 2007 7 2.3 m 1.6 m (a) (b) Fig. 6 (a) Comparison of the surveyed positions in 20077 and 2017, (b) Schematic diagram showing the distance betweenn the points between 20072 and 2017 7
3. Result 3-1. 2007 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 16 17 7 m 10 2007 Fig. 7 16 17 9.5 m Fig. 8 0-1 672555 672591 672631 672678 672698 672728 672773 672812 672834 672865 672911 672980 (m) -2-3 -4-5 -6 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 -7 15-16 16-17 -8 Easting (m) Fig. 7 8
(m) 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 -6-7 -8-9 -10 Northing (m) Fig. 8 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 3-2. 10 10 Fig. 9 2017 y= 4.5x+2287.5 Fig. 9 4.5 [m/yr] 2290 2280 m 2270 2260 2250 2240 2230 2220 2210 y = 4.5116x + 2287.5 R² = 0.9972 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fig.9 10 3-3. 2017 Fig. 10 10 2017 ( 7.2 m 9
4-3, 4-4 (m) 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 -6-7 -8 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 Fig.10 4. Discussion 4-1. 10 08 09, 09 10, 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 15 16 (Sugiyama et al., 2011 16 17 2016 Fig. 11 10
Fig.1 4-2. 11 Fig. 12 11 (Tsutaki e et al., 2011)
Fig. 12 4-3. 2007 10 Engelberg Fig. 13 1,036 m a.s.l. a (JJA) Fig. 14 1 2010 2014 20122 15.1 5.3 m 4.1 m 2011 2014 2015 2015 0.6 2017 Fig. 155 0.555 12
Fig. 13 Engelberg Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss 17.0 0 16.5-1 [ ] 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 13.5-2 -3-4 -5-6 [m] 13.0-7 12.5 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017-8 (JJA) (m) Fig. 14 JJA) vs 13
[m] 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 -6 y = 0.6129x + 4.0213 r = 0.55 R² = 0.31-7 -8 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 [ ] Fig.15 4-4. 2007 10 Engelberg 9 8 Fig. 16 2015 2017 2017 14
年積算降水量 [mm 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 -6-7 表面高度変化量 [m] 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 年 -8 年積算降水量 ( 昨年 8 月 ~ 翌年 9 月 ) 表面高度変化量 Fig. 16 年積算降水量 vs 表面高度変化量 5. Conclusion GPS 12 21 10 1 4.5 m 9 8 6. Reference 15
Chen, J. and M. Funk. (1990). Mass balance of Rhonegletscher during 1882/83 1986/87. J. Glaciol., 36(123), 199 209. Huss, M., Bauder, A., Funk, M., and Hock, R. (2008a). Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(F1):F01015. Jouvet, G. Huss, M. Blatter, H. Picasso, M. Rappaz, J. (2009). Numerical simulation of Rhonegletscher from 1874 to 2100. Journal of Computational Physics, 228, 6426-6439. Nishimura, D. Sugiyama, S. Bauder, A. Funk, M. (2013). Changes in Ice-Flow Velocity and Surface Elevation from 1874 to 2006 in Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. Arictic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 45(4), 552-562. Sugiyama, S., S. Tsutaki, D. Nishimura, H. Blatter, A. Bauder and M. Funk. (2008). Hot water drilling and glaciological observations at the terminal part of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland in 2007. Bull. Glaciol. Res., 26, 41 47. Sugiyama, S., Yoshizawa, T., Huss, M., Tsutaki, S., & Nishimura, D. (2011). Spatial distribution of surface ablation in the terminus of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology, 52(58), 1 8. Tsutaki, S., Nishimura, D., Yoshizawa, T., & Sugiyama, S. (2011). Changes in glacier dynamics under the influence of proglacial lake formation in Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology, 52(58), 31 36. Wallinga, J. and R.S.W. van de Wal. 1998. Sensitivity of Rhonegletscher, Switzerland, to climate change: experiments with a one-dimensional flowline model. J. Glaciol., 44(147), 383 393. 16