And Business

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1 Discussion Papers In Economics And Business Discussion Paper Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka , JAPAN

2 Discussion Paper April 2003 Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka , JAPAN

3 * ** ***,,, km, 10,,,,,,,,,,,, 1),, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( revealed preference method), Travel Cost Method;,TCM Hedonic Method,, ( stated preference method) Contingent Valuation Method,,TCM,,,,,,,,, 1

4 ,HHotelling Prewitt[1949],Trice and Wood [1958], Clauson [1959], Clawson and Knetsch [1966] 1950,60,70, [1977], [1998],[2000],, TCM, (Zonal Travel Cost Method; ZTCM) (Individual Travel Cost Method; ITCM),,,,, ,,,,,,ZTCM,,,,,ZTCM sampling, 3,,4,,5, 21,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 637, ),, 415, 2

5 22 (1),,, 52,, ,,, 48, 4) 2, (2) 33 5), 3 10,, 46,, 3

6 ,25,,,,1 5, 21,,,,,,,,,,, 65, P,,2001 9,,, 30, 18,,, 6) 4

7 31 (TCM), out-of-pocket cost TCM ZTCM ITCM ZTCM Garrod G& KG Willis1999 V N = f ( C, T, SOC, SUB ) h n hj / h hj hj h h V / h j hj N h N h h Chj h j Thj h j SOC h h SUB h h h j ZTCM h j 5

8 multi-colinearity ZTCM j T h C D C 1 E C 2 F ' O V V D V (1,2) h,,,, ( ), V, C1 1 DE C2 2,,,V, C 2 DF,1, 2,,, (= ) C 1 9) 32 ZTCM,,, 6

9 ,, (ITCM) ITCM V = f C, T, Q, S, Y ) (2) ij ( ij ij j j i V i j, C i j,t ij ij ij Q j,sj j,y i i j,,,,,,hedonic Travel Cost J Englin & R Mendelsohn [1991], Random Utility Model ( E R Morey et al[1991]),,, ITCM 41,()1000 h h h, 10),,,,,,,,,,,, 135km/L 11), 12), 13), 14), 7

10 ,Yahoo Yahoo,,,,,,,1 15),, 2 /,, H12 / ( ),,, H12 896, H13,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 8

11 3,,, H13, ( ), 2001,,,TCM, ( ),, ( ),, out-of-pocket cost 42 ZTCM, 372,,,, ) 4 9

12 ,(3), out-of-pocket cost,,, 2, R, 17) 5 constant ln(cost) R 2 ( ) (44303) (-46568) t,1 5,,,,,,, 84 4,,8425=2,100 2, 4,200,, 904, 33(298 ) 18), /3, ( ) Constant (31067) (47886) Cost (-32921) (-44393) (34451) (-37009) (22040) R t,1,,, 10

13 ,,, ,,,,,Cesario [1976],Chevas et al [1989], 3 1,,, =, 98, 4, 2,,,2,450,4,900, 17, (3), 19) 107 Garrod & Willis [1999] p59,,,(1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 100 4, 2,,2,500, 5,000,,,,

14 , 3 300,,,,, 100, 300, 400,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Englin & Cameron [1996], ( Brown Mendelsohn [1984],Englin Mendelsohn [1991] ) 12

15 * ** *** 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),3 9,10,11 8 6,7,8 11 3,4,5 3),,,,, 4) , 46 5),,, 3, 6) 25 7) 8),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,(,, ),,,,,, Mackie,, P et al [2001] p J Mackie,,,,,FJ Cesario [1976], F Knetsch [1976], NE Bockstael et al [1987] 9),, 13

16 ,, DEV1O, DFV2O ( 1999 p168),,,,, 10) 11) 1015 H1 ( 12) (H10 ) 13) () 14),, 15),, 1/3, 16),,,, Hanley N & CL Spash [1998] 17) 2 R 050, 10,, 18) P16 19),,, 3, 14

17 CVM (2000) (2000) Excel (1999) Bockstael NE, IE Strand and WM Hanemann (1987) Time and the Recreational Demand Model, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69, Brown G M, and R Mendelsohn (1984) The Hedonic Travel Cost Method, Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(3), Cesario F J (1976) Value of Time in Recreation Benefit Studies, Land Economics, 52, Cesario F J and JL Knetsch (1976) A Recreation Site Demand and Benefit Estimation Model, Regional Studies, 10, Chevas J P, Stoll J and C Sellar (1989) On the Commodity Value of Travel Time in Recreational Activities, Applied Economics, 21, Clawson M (1959) Methods of Measuring Demand for and Value of Outdoor Recreation, Reprint No 10, Resources for the Future, Washington DC Clawson M and JL Knetsch (1966), Economics Outdoor Recreation, Johns Hopkins U P, Baltimore Englin J and TA Cameron (1996) Augmenting Travel Cost Models with Contingent Behaviour Data, Environmental and Resource Economics, 7, Englin J and R Mendelsohn (1991) A Hedonic Travel Cost Analysis for Valuation of Multiple Components of Site Quality: the Recreation Value of Forest Management, Journal Environmental Economics and Management, 21, Gamini H (1999) Estimation of Community Values of Lakes: A Study of Lake Mokoan in Victoria, Australia, Economi c Analysis & Policy, 29(1), Garrod G and KG Willis (1999) Economic Valuation of the Environment, Edward Elgar Hanley N and C L Spash (1998) Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment, Edward Elgar Press 15

18 John A D and Maynard M H edited (1986) Economi c Valuation Techniques for the Environment : a case study workbook, Johns Hopkins University Press ( : Mackie PJ, S Jara-Diaz, and AS Fowkes (2001) The Value of Travel Time Savings in Evaluation, Transportation Research Part E, 37, Morey E R, W D Shaw and R D Rowe (1991) A Discrete-choice Model of Recreational Participation, Site Choice, and Activity Valuation When Complete Trip Data Are Not Available, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 20, Prewitt RA (1949) The Economics of Public RecreationAn ce onomic Survey of the Monetary Evaluation of Recreation in National Parks, US Department of the Interior, National Park Service and Recreational Planning Division, Washington DC Trice AH and SE Wood (1958) Measurement of Recreational Benefits, Land Economics, 34,

J. JILA 64 (5), 2001

Comparison of the Value of Outdoor Recreation: A Case Study Applying Travel Cost Method and Contingent Valuation Method Yasushi SHOJI J. JILA 64 (5), 2001 J. JILA 64 (5), 2001 2) Trice, A. H. and Wood,