The Current Status and the Future Prospects of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Kazuaki KOSHI Key Words: Fuel Cell, Phosphoric acid,, Digester gas, Bio gas, Hydrogen high efficent clean energy saved IPCC 4 20 30 AFCPEFC PAFC:Phosphoric Acid Fuel CellMCFC SOFC 200 1970 TARGET GRI FCG-1 UTC 90 UTC ONSI 200 kw 100 UTC PEFC 2008 2 FC-EXPO 400 kw 2009 1970 2 1973 1978 1990 NEDO 1990 1973 200 kw 1 MW 5 MW 50 kw 100 kw 500 kw 100 1998 100 kw 25 52,000 80,000 2006 60,000 200 191-8502 1 Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd. (1, Fuji-machi, Hino-City, Tokyo 191-8502 Japan)
35 5 2009 9 Fuel gas Fuel reforming system Operating Site Fuel Date of delivery Operating time(h) 1 Hospital Aug-98 2 Hotel Mar-99 3 College Apr-00 4 Office Building City Gas Mar-01 5 Office Building Mar-01 6 Office Building Jul-00 7 Office Building Jul-00 8 Demonstration Dige ste r Gas Jul-01 9 Training City Gas Dec-01 10 Sewage Digester Mar-02 11 Disposal Plant Gas Mar-02 12 Hospital Jul-03 13 College Oct-03 14 Exhibit facilities Nov-03 15 Office Building Jan-04 City Gas 16 Hospital Mar-04 17 Exhibit facilities Mar-06 18 Hospital Mar-06 19 Hospital Mar-06 20 Dec-06 21 Sewage Digester Dec-06 22 Disposal Plant Gas Dec-06 23 Dec-06 24 Office Building City Gas Sep-07 25 Office Building City Gas Jan-09 operation ended in operation (more than 40,000 hours) in operation (has been overhauled.) in operation (Design lifetime is 60,000 hours.) Steam reforming CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 Shift conversion CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 Table 1 100 kw PAFC operating sites (as of May. 2009) Exhaust Air Cell stack Water and steamy system Inverter Fig.1 System configuration of PAFC Thermal output (90 degrees C ) Thermal output (50 degrees C ) Control unit Power 200PEFC 1 LP LP 5 4 7.5 6 40 Fig.2 Energy electricity and efficiency at a training center 6 6,000 m 2 81 9010RT 50 75 40 40 40% 12
Desulfurizer Gas tank Refinery tower 100kW PAFC Digester gas Gas engine Grid Digestion gas, biogas (CH 4 60%,CO 2 40%) Atmospheric CO 2 Digesters Hot water Heat recovery equipment Methane fermentation Animals and Plants In photosynthetic CO 2 fixation Fig.3 Application example using digester gas Fig.4 The concept of carbon neutral 12.4 60 40 100 kw 2 1,000 kw 2 100 kw 40% 2002 3 44,000 2007 6 1,496 MWh 87 1,059 MWh CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 1 A CO 2 2 CO 2 P A P [kwh] A CO 2 [kg- CO 2/kWh] 1 CO 2 Q B/C D E 2 Q [kwh] B [MJ/kWh] C 0.85 D [kg-c/mj] A E CO 2 [CO 2/C] 44/12 1 1,496 10 3 [kwh] 0.555 [kg-co 2/kWh] 830 [ton-co 2] 2 1,059 10 3 [kwh] 3.6 [MJ/kWh] /0.85 0.0189 [kg-c/mj] (44/12) [CO 2/C] 311[ton-CO 2] 1 2100 kw 2 CO 2 1,141 ton-co 2/
35 5 2009 9 COG 50 60% COG COG PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption PSA PSA PSA COG PSA 80 99.9 80 25 45 kpa 99.9 99.9 80 100 kpag LP LP 2 2008 LP 70 kw 50 kg 3 LP The first fuel cell that was certified by Japan Electric Association. Fuel PAFC system Electricity grid Electricity grid Natural gas field Oil Sewage Sludge Organic waste Steel plant by-product gas LPG Methane Digester gas Bio gas Off gas from Pressure Swing Adsorption (Use of of Coke Oven Gas) Steam reforming Fuel switching For Emergency use H 2 Electricity Heat recovery Cell stack General load Specific load Use of heat Usually gas General load Specific load City Use of heat gas LP gas During disasters Chemical factory by-product gas Refinery by-product gas Pure hydrogen By-product hydrogen Application development PAFC package Branching off hydrogen Hydrogen For hydrogen supply Output Fuel operation 100 kw 70 kw LP gas Gridconnected Gridindependent Fig.5 Application of 100 kw PAFCs Fig.6 Application example for emergency use
Hydrogen station Feature PAFCs supply electricity and heat as well as hydrogen Electricity Heat Setting up as an annex to the hub gas station Concept Day time Power is Generated Hydrogen-rich gas Fuel cell Reduced cost cost of of hydrogen Hydrogen purifier Nighttime Power is generated and hydrogen is stored Compressor When supplying hydrogen: Electric power supply 50kW, Hydrogen supply 20Nm 3 /h Increase in efficiency Hydrogen Capacity 12-fuel cell cars/day 3-fuel cell buses/day These systems are suitable for small factories using hydrogen Total system:tokyo Gas Fuel Cell:Fuji Electric Group Fig.7 Application for Hydrogen supply Waste heat treatment equipment 3.4m 2.2m kw 2009 1 20 40 COP3 Water treatment equipment Partition Nitrogen cylinder Heat exchanger Pump Fuel line Rated output power Output voltage Output frequency Electrical efficiency Thermal Output Exhaust gas Consumption of gas Weight Sub-component area Reformer 5.6m Desulfurizer /Shift converter Main component area Fig.8 Configuration of new 100 kw PAFC Inverter/Controller Fuel-cell stack Table 2 Specifications of new 100 kw PAFC Partition 100kW AC 3 3W, 210V/220V 50Hz/60Hz 42% [LHV(net)] Type 1) High-temperature Recovery Type 50kW 90 Total efficiency 62% [LHV] Type 2) Mid-temperature Recovery Type 123kW 60 Total efficiency 92% [LHV] NOx less than 5ppm [O 2 0%] SOx,dust less than the detection limit 22m 3 /h(normal) 15ton -fed type You can choose Type1) or Type 2)
35 5 2009 9 2013 CO 2 4 CO 2 CO 2 CSR 1) IPCC 4 (2007) http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ipcc/4th_rep.html 2) NEDO NEDO 20 (2000) http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/nenshi/nedo20years.pdf 3) NEDO (1997) 4) pp.56-65 (2008) 5) Vol.81 No.3, pp.198-202 (2008) 6) 12 pp.54-57 (2005) 7) PAFC 14 pp.130-133 (2007) 8) ver. 2.1 (2007) http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ghg-santeikohyo/ manual/index.html 9) PAFC Vol..39 No.10 (2007) 10) http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/ Press/20040517-1.html 11) 16 pp.163-166 (2009)