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3 Well to Tank

4 - 1 4 J-001 J-002 J-003 J-004 J-005 J WE-NET 1 14 WE-NET 1 10 WE-NET 7 Shell UTC-FC FCV NEDO () NEDO () NEDO () () () VOL24 NO NEDO 2001/3 NEDO 2003/3 NEDO 1999/3 ( ) ( ) 2003/3/5 2002/3 2003/3 12 LCA TtW WtT WtW CO2 JEVA 13 Shell FCV WtW GHG JEVA 14 FCUTC-Fuel Cells FCFCV FCV CO2

5 - 2 5 J-007 J-010 J-011 J-012 J-013 J-014 J-015 J-016 J-017 J-018 CO2 LCA LNG 2 () NEDO () () FCDIC () NEDO () Vol.56 No ( ) 2002/3 NEDO 2002/3 ( ) 2003/7/ /3/ /6 FCDIC 2001/6 ( ) 2002/7/1 2000/2 NEDO 2001/3 2002/3 LCITtW CO2 GreenModelTtWWtW PEFC LCA LCI LPG LNG LCI LCA LCA LNGDMEGTL

6 - 3 6 J-019 J-020 J-021 J-022 J-023 J-024 J-025 J-026 J-027 Well to Wheel Efficiency of Fuel Cell Vehicles in Japanese Conditions CO2 2 CO2 7 /NEDO CO2 () () () EVS () Vol.232 Vol.535 No.9804 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2001/10/ /3 2003/6 1996/ /1 2000/ /6 2000/3 WtW 10ppm FCC WtW CO CO2 HEVEVFCV FCV CO2 CO2LCA H97 NEDO CO2 CO2 14

7 - 4 J / J-029 J-030 J-031 J-032 J-033 J-034 Well to Wheel Efficiency of Advanced Technology Vehicles in Japanese Conditions Well to Wheel LNGLCCO2 LP 2003 LP 14 () () () 12 () EVS-20 JARI ( ) 2003/11/ /1/ /12/29 20 ( ) ( ) () 2004/1/ /9/ /3 2001/3 FCV WtW LNG CO2 13A CO2 LP FCV ICEVTtWCO2 GREENTtWWtW EVLCI CO LNG 13A

8 8 J-035 J-036 Well-to-Wheel Well-to-Tank 15 J-037 ETBE W-001 W-002 W-003 W-004 W-005 ON THE ROAD IN 2020 A life-cycle analysis of new automobile technologies Fuel Choices for Fuel-Cell Vehicles Well-to-Wheels Energy and Emission Impacts Projected Energy, Cost, and GHG Emissions for Vehicles HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY RESEARCH Comparative Assessment of Fuel Cell Cars A. Weiss Heywood M. Drake Schafer F. AuYeung Michael Wang ANL Transportation Research Center TIAXLLC DOE A. Weiss B. Heywood Schafer K. Natarajan / / /10 Energy Laboratory Report # MIT EL Fuel Cell Seminar DOE Publication No. LFEE RP MIT 2000/ /11/ /12/16 DOE 2003/7/24 MIT 2003/2 Well to Tank FT BDF ETBE 2020 GHG WtW GHG Phase of Fuel Choice for Fuel Cell Vehicles project (75111) WtW GHG FreedomCAR W-001 Tank to Wheel W

9 - 6 9 W-006 W-008 W-009 W-010 W-011 Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems -A European Study- Report WELL-TO-WHEEL EFFICIENCY for Alternative fuels from natural gas or biomass Assessment of Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis SMDS Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context W-012 Hydrogen Fuel GMLBST BP ExxonMobil Shell TotalFinaElf Ecotraffic Michael Wang ANL Transportation Research Center Pricewaterho usecoopers LLP European Council for Automotive R D CONCAWE Joint Research Centre Matthias Altmann LBST de/gm-wtw DOE LBST 2002/9/27 the Swedish National Road Administration 2001/10 DOE 2002/10/4 Shell Shell 2003/5/21 d/eh st.de/ EUCAR 2003/11 ONCAWE JRC 2003/12 LBST 2003/9/24 GHG 2010 WtW GM LBST 1 WtW FT WtW SMDS GTL 2001 LCA SMDS NOx SOx 2010 WtW GHG WtW GHG 2005/12 EUCAR WtW Report Version2a

10 10 W-013 GREET1.5Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model Gas to Liquids Life Cycle W-014 Assessment Synthesis Report Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) Update of a Life Cycle Approach to Assess the Environmental W-015 Inputs and Outputs and Associated Environmental Impacts of Production and Use of Distillates from a Complex Refinery and SMDS Route E E-002 E-003 Ver1.2 E-004 E-005 GTL M.Q.Wang (ANL Transportation Research Center ) Shell Pricewater house Coopers LLP - 7 DOE DOE 1999/8 HP e.or.jp/ PETROTECH 26 5 ( ) 2004/4 2003/5 2002/8 2003/2 2003/7 1997/ VOCCONOxPM SOx3 CO2NH3N2O Fuel-Cycle emissions Shell Sasol ChevronConocoPhillips GTL LCA SMDS GTL 2001 LCA SMDS NOx SOx CO FT CO2

11 E-006 CO2 E E-008 E-009 H CO2 LP CO2 () LP () ( ) LP () 2001/8 2003/3 2006/2 2001/4 2004/3 CO2 MOX CO E LPG COG CO2 H-002 LNG 13A LCI () () 2003/1 LCA

12 1-9 - SEQ LP () JOGMEC GTL GTL LPG 11 Shell 12

13 Well to Tank LHVHHV LHV or HHV // 1.0 LHV LHV HHV LHV/HHV F HHV LHV 1 LHV Conv( o) y = x Conv( i) 2.1 xhhv ylhv Conv(i) LHV/HHV Conv(o) LHV/HHV 13

14 2 1 = Conv( i) Conv( o) x y 2.2 xhhv ylhv Conv(i) LHV/HHV Conv(o) LHV/HHV 3.2 = ( 1 x)( 1 α ) x 1 Conv( i) α + α + 1 Conv( o) x y 2.3 α = HHV HHV Microsoft Excel

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