48 3 2010 12 * Comparative Research on Memories Concerning Korean Armed Forces in Vietnam: Korean NGO Recovery of Non-Official Memory ITO Masako* Abstract This paper aims to examine how reconciliation is developed through apologies towards damages by war, comparing the actions of nation-state, damaged areas and NGOs concerning the Vietnam War. The second aim is to consider official and non-official memories about Vietnam War both in the damaged country and the country that caused damages, further investigating the relationship between a variety of memories and political systems. During the Vietnam War, South Korea sent the second largest group of armed forces, but recently the Korean s memories as heroic stories have been confused since Han-kyoreh magazine reported that Korean troops conducted mass killings. After 30 years, an ex-service Korean s group visited the Ha My hamlet, Quang Nam Province, where slaughters occurred in 1968. They built a monument for the victims. But when it was completed, the group felt shocked about a poem on the massacre on the monument. After going back to Korea, they demanded revisions. The Vietnamese government, which was asked for revisions by the Korean Embassy, put pressure on the villagers, who finally covered the inscription. Vietnamese policy is to seal the past and look to the future as at present, the most important issue for the government is to procure development funds from other countries, and to maintain the legitimacy of the Communist Party through economic development. Therefore, the memories of the Ha My, whose villagers did not necessarily contribute to the Revolution, could not become an official memory. Further, those memories are not connected with nationalism. This point is the most different when comparing with the case between Korea or China and Japan. After the report by the Han-kyoreh, one Korean NGO started volunteer activities for Vietnamese * Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies,, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan e-mail: itomasak@asafas.kyoto-u.ac.jp 294
survivors. Through those activities, some survivors have been healed, and for the sake of the Korean NGO, the memory of Ha My, which can never become official memory, is preserved in Vietnam. Keywords: Vietnam War, Korean troops, Quang Nam Province, Han-kyoreh, memorial tower, memories of war I 7 10 1990 1990 1 NGO 2 1 1993 1998 Ku Su Jeong 2000; 2002 2005 2005 2 295
48 3 II 1964 65 2 3 64 8 130 10 2 65 2 1 2,000 Ku Su Jeong 2000: 64 661965 10 4,480 13,830 1 18,500 ibid.: 69 72 65 7 275,000 66 6 545,000 65 154,000 446,000 3 65 10 22 11 12 ibid.: 74 4 1966 4 10 45,000 ibid.: 80 81 67 72 50,000 8 5 325,517 ibid.: 1 3 1966 3 1993: 15 3 1993: 15 296
30 40 5,000 10,000 20,000 2005: 45 46 4 III 21 21 姃 Ku Su Jeong 1980 5 1990 1991 386 6 1992 1993 1997 1997 1999 21 5 6 256 7 21 1999 10 1 5,000 10 4 2005: 235 238 5 1980 6 1990 30 3 1980 8 1960 6 386 386 7 2008 297
48 3 2003 1 21 2,400 2000 6 2005: 15 8 21 21 2001 8 2005: 15 IV IV IV 1 Quảng Nam, Điện Bản, Điện Dương, 8 2001 2000 298
Ha My 9 1968 2 24 1 26 1945 1927 80 160 23 7 4 4 1 3 4 1 12 2 50 3 40 4 10 1 M79 9 10 8 7 9 Huyện Điện Bàn 1995 299
48 3 2 50 M79 5 3 1 3 8 4 IV 2 4 2001 300
IV 3 10 Hoanh Son Ha Gia 10 301
48 3 Khe Long 1968 1 26 35 135 25 2000 8 2009: 282 284 IV 4 302
2003 11 2000 12 21 135 이용준 2003: 96 ibid.: 99 ibid.: 99 2001 1 11 20 이용준 2003: 157 303
48 3 12 ibid.: 111 112 IV 5 khép lại quá khứ, hướng tới tương lai 1990 19 13 12 13 21 21 2005: 14 304
KOICA 14 2001 2001 2 KOICA KOICA 15 3 이용준 2003: 114 2 20 2 22 ibid.: 118 120 14 KOICA Korea International Cooperation Agency JICA ODA 15 305
48 3 KOICA 2001 4 30 16 ibid.: 151 152 16 306
IV 6 17 이용준 2003: 154 156 2009 17 9 307
48 3 2002 V NGO 1990 1998 NAWAURI 3 NGO 1982 HP 1998 22 454 3 1 30 2009: 42 44 18 18 308
4 4 2003 19 2000 19 309
48 3 VI NGO 19 20 2005: 205 20 1944 1945 200 200 1 1993 310
21 NGO 100 311
48 3 21 2005: 192 NGO NGO NGO 2005. 2008. 2009. 2005 11: 1 30. 2005. Ku Su Jeong 2002 1 3 Quadrante 4: 33 39 2000 21 312
253 281. 2005 2001 3 686(4): 236 247 1980 1998 1961 1966 2: 151 172. 1993 1993 200 1945 이용준 2003 베트남, 잊혀진전쟁의상흔을찾아서 서울 조선일보사 Ku Su Jeong. 2000. Sưư can d ự của quân đội Hàn Quốc ố trong cuộc chiến ế tranh của Mỹỹ tại Việt ệ Nam. Luận án thạc s sử ử học, Đại học quốc gia thành phố HCM. Huyện Điện Bàn. 1995. Những ữ vụ thảm sát dã man của Mỹỹ ngụy ụ và ch ư hầu trên đất ấ Điện ệ Bàn. Ban điều tra hậu quảả chiến tranh huyện Điện Bàn. Republic of Korea, Ministry of Public Information. n.d. Korea and Vietnam. Đinh Văn Mãnh 1949 2009 2 25 Định Văn Quyện 19572009 2 25 Hà Phước Mỹ 2009 2 24 Hoàng Châu Sinh 19442009 2 23 25 Lê Thị Tuyết Mai 1979 2009 2 24 Nguyễn Chua 1935 2009 2 25 Nguyễn Cọi 1945 2009 2 26 NguyễnHữu Đổng 1973 2009 2 25 Nguyễn Lập 1952 2008 2 25 Nguyễn Minh Hùng 1952 2009 2 23 Nguyễn Ngọc Duyên 1964 2009 2 24 Nguyễn Xu 1929 2009 2 25 Phan Mậu 1928 2009 2 25 PhạmThị Hoa 1927 2008 2 25 Trần Thị Được 1926 2009 2 24 Trần Thông 1964 2009 2 24 Trịnh Tây 1923 2009 2 24 Trịnh Thiên Chiến 1963 2009 2 24 Võ Văn Năng. 2009 2 25 313