55 2 2018 1 000 000 インドネシア国営アブラヤシ農園におけるプラスマ農園の再植 西カリマンタン州サンガウ県の事例から * The Replanting Problems of Plasma Estates in the Indonesian State-Owned Oil Palm Estate: A Case in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan Province Hayashida Hideki* Abstract Around 1980 the Indonesian government launched a program of oil palm plantation development led by state-owned plantation enterprises with some project finance. The program was named Nucleus Estates and Smallholders (NES) Projects and was funded by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. In the early 1980s some state-owned enterprises constructed several oil palm estates in West Kalimantan Province under the NES scheme, almost all of which were located in Sanggau Regency. These estates are currently facing replanting problems, since the oil palm trees there are 25 to 30 years old and inevitably less productive. In the estates owned by smallholders, plasma farmers who have their estates near the nucleus estates owned by plantation companies, the replanting problems are more serious than companyowned plantations because of smallholders difficulty with financing. In this paper, the author aims to introduce the results of field research regarding the replanting problems on plasma estates owned by smallholders by focusing on one state-owned oil palm estate in Sanggau Regency. For some years after 2007, the Revitalization Program of Estates was implemented in those estates. The program aimed to subsidize a part of the interest imposed on plasma farmers on loans for the revitalization of their old or damaged estates. The implementation of the program, however, was not smooth. The program was not a success because of the inefficiency of the so-called United Management System as a way to manage plasma smallholders estates after replanting, and because the loan program for replanting did not take account of the estate owners financial capacity. Alternatives to the Revitalization Program would be possible if those factors were improved. Keywords: smallholders oil palm estate, replanting, United Management System, Indonesia, West Kalimantan * The Institute for the Study of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doshisha University, Karasuma-higashi-iru, Imadegawa-dori, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-shi 602-8580, Japan e-mail: hhayashi@mail.doshisha.ac.jp DOI: 10.20495/tak.55.2_292 292
I 1. 1980 PIR 1970 Perusahaan Inti Rakyat=PIR 1 1980 90 PIR 90 2014 1,075 ha 1999 390 ha 2.8 2004 528 ha 2 15 2 25 1) PIR 2) 1996 2014 539 ha BPS various issues MPOB 293
55 2 90 4 Parindu 13 Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan 3 2006 1982 PIR 4 II 2000 III 13 PTPN XIII IV 3) Kementerian Pertanian 2006 Ditjen Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian 2015 4) 13 1 7 PT Perkebunan VII 8 294
V 2. Andriati dan Wigena 2011 Hidayati et al. 2013 Analytic Hierarchy Process Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process 2007 1 12 14 kelompok tani NGO Andriati dan Wigena 2011: 187 188 1 2 2009 2015 13 2 295
55 2 II 1. 34 319,036.0 km 2 153,564.5 km 2 3 14.6 km 2 1 BPS 2015 470 15 32 /km 2 30 1 km 14 4 1.3 km 2 5 43.9 2014 GRDP 132 16 1 700 GDP 1.23 1 GRDP 2,798 4,243 23 GRDP 12.9 14 5 2,941 1 GRDP 5 GRDP 2014 GDP 13.4 3.8 GRDP 21.6 10.7 1 2014 km 2 146,807.00 12,857.70 4,716,093 438,994 /km 2 32.1 34.1 100 131,933,449.00 12,911,810.90 1 27,975.20 29,412.20 21.6 32.4 10.7 25.5 BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Barat [2015; various issues], Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat [2015; various issues], BPS Kabupaten Sanggau [2015a; 2015b]. 296
1 GRDP 3 1 4 1 2. 1995 13 1 2014 131 ha 1995 7 1 95 9 2000 5 95 11.6 229.7 ha 21.0 139.6 ha 12.7 3 297
55 2 8.9 5.7 3 2014 23.6 ha 18 35.9 ha 27.3 2 18.4 3 2-1 2000 5 2.7 2-1 ha, * * * 1995 183,082 9.1 1.2 89,953 49.1 7.0 54,380 29.7 1.7 2000 311,247 4.7 2.1 130,999 42.1 10.2 88,960 28.6 2.8 2005 381,791 6.5 2.6 128,307 33.6 10.0 94,899 24.9 3.0 2010 750,948 8.7 5.1 153,054 20.4 11.9 201,227 26.8 6.4 2014 1,312,517 11.6 8.9 236,037 18.0 18.4 358,630 27.3 11.5 2-2 ha, ** ** ** 1995 111,311 60.8 0.8 54,154 60.2 4.2 31,387 57.7 1.0 2000 128,348 41.2 0.9 57,097 43.6 4.4 37,598 42.3 1.2 2005 189,243 49.6 1.3 62,855 49.0 4.9 49,301 52.0 1.6 2010 228,440 30.4 1.6 74,186 48.5 5.8 52,589 26.1 1.7 2014 339,866 25.9 2.3 115,827 49.1 9.0 74,954 20.9 2.4 2-3 ha, ** ** ** 1995 71,771 39.2 0.5 35,799 39.8 2.8 22,993 42.3 0.7 2000 182,899 58.8 1.2 73,902 56.4 5.7 51,362 57.7 1.6 2005 192,548 50.4 1.3 65,452 51.0 5.1 45,598 48.0 1.5 2010 522,508 69.6 3.6 78,868 51.5 6.1 148,638 73.9 4.8 2014 972,651 74.1 6.6 120,210 50.9 9.3 283,676 79.1 9.1 Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat [various issues], BPS [various issues]. * ** 298
5 1995 2005 5 2009 1 1.5 6 2 2000 2014 25.9 41.5 49.1 7.6 6 ha 2 35.1 1 11.6 ha 2 4 ha 1 1995 1980 2000 2-2 1995 6 3 13 7 5) 1995 2014 113 ha 12.9 26.9 2 6 6) 1 3.1 ha 3 2-1 7) 112.9 ha 79.8 299
55 2 1995 2014 90 ha 28.9 1995 6 2000 16.6 2005 5 20 22.8 ha 6.2 ha 27.0 20 GRDP III 13 13 1. 13 13 PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIII PTPN XIII 1996 8 PT Perkebunan 300
3 PTPN XIII 2013 ha ton/h * 1 4 20,126.00 8,048.20 2 120 2 3 12,003.80 21,538.20 3 150 5 21,226.00 25,514.00 3 140 3 5,906.00 2,782.30 1 30 15 59,261.80 57,882.70 9 440 PTPN XIII 2014: 511 514 * 8 15 9 3 2014 533 12,240 2,233 9 PTPN XIII 3 PTPN XIII 7 5 2 8) 1996 18 13 Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 Tahun 1996 Tentang Penyertaan Modal Negara Republik Indonesia Untuk Pendirian Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIII 8 6 7 12 13 18 24-5 26 29 PTP=PT Perkebunan 13 7 PT Perkebunan VII 1996 14 2014 10 3 13 3 http://www.ptpn3.co.id/ Holding BUMN Perkebunan 2016 12 28 9) 13 7 3 301
55 2 10 14 Landak Ngabang 6 4 2000 2. 13 1 PTPN XIII 1982 83 PTPN XIII 7 PT Perkebunan VII PIR PIR PTPN XIII 2013 (ha) ton/h 1 1 1,352.50 6,404.40 1 23 2 0 0 1 399 3,551.00 0 5 13,288.40 28,687.60 2 50 7 15,039.90 38,643.00 3 73 3 2014 2 9,190 1,474 3,033 441 6 8 PTPN XIII 2014: 154 10) GM 302
PIR-Trans PIR-Bun 11 1999 2000 Kredit kepada Koperasi Primer untuk Anggotanya KKPA 12 2 2 PIR 1980 PIR-Bun 1990 KKPA PIR-KKPA 2 2014 PTPN XIII 4 PIR-Bun PIR-KKPA 1 3.1 1980 PIR 1 4 PIR-Bun 5,046.7 ha 1,091.0 ha PIR-Bun Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan 13 PIR-Bun PIR-KKAP 2 14 1980 30 2007 PIR-Bun 11) PIR-Khusus PIR 1980 PIR-KKPA PIR-Bun 12) KKPA Bank Indonesia 1998 2010; 2011 13) 3 14) 2 2 303
55 2 4 PTPN XIII 2014 ha ton * 2,464.50 27,143 574 7,655.80 42,992 3,874 PIR-Bun 5,046.70 20,614 2,547 PIR-KKPA 2,609.00 22,378 1,327 10,120.30 70,135 4,448 PTPN XIII * 2 PTPN XIII PTPN XIII 1 1 ha 2 2 Afd Afdeling Pls Plasma Inti Afd PlsII 2 3 2 304
25 PTPN XIII Kebun Revittalisasi Kebun Revit. 4 PIR-Bun 20,614 ton 2007 2014 7 1,894 ton 1 ha 2 ton / 15 546.5 ha 235 ha 1 2 2005 311.5 ha 2012 1 1982 83 2 1983 84 3 4 4 2014 2005 1 27,143 ton 2012 2 4 11.0 ton/ ha/ 5.6 ton/ha/ 311.5 ha 1,091.0 ha 1,894 ton 12.6 ton/ha/ 6.3 ton/ha/ 2 15) 2011 696 ton 305
55 2 PTPN XIII 2014 15.5 ton/ha/ 8.6 ton/ha/ PTPN XIII 2014: 69 PTPN XIII 574 19 119 16 3,874 PIR 1 2 ha 1 2 17 PIR-Bun 2,547 563 PTPN XIII IV 16) 2014 229 9 16 17) 2 ha 306
PTPN XIII Pola Satu Manajemen PSM PSM PTPN XIII 1. PTPN XIII 2007 PTPN XIII 2010 563 1,091 ha Koperasi Unit Desa KUD KUD 1 KUD KUD KUD desa PIR 15 30 kelompok tani 18 PTPN XIII KUD 5 KUD PTPN XIII KUD 5 Rindu Sawit Sawit Permai PIR-Bun KUD PIR-KKPA 18) fee 307
55 2 5 KUD* ha Rindu Sawit PIR-Bun 1982 92 1,481 2,891.9 PSM 2007 10 563 1,091.0 Sawit Permai PIR-Bun 1985 92 1,066 2,154.7 Sawit Harapan Tani* PIR-KKPA 1999 05 268 519.6 Sawit Karya Mandiri* PIR-KKPA 2000 03 282 549.5 Taminses* PIR-KKPA 1999 03 777 1,540.0 3,874 7,655.8 PTPN XIII * Sawit Harapan Tani, Sawit Karya Mandiri, Taminses 3 desa PIR-KKPA KUD Koperasi Perkebunan=Kop-Bun 1999 Rindu Sawit 563 19 6 6 2011 3 2011 2011 2010 416.8 ha 1 2 19) PIR-Bun PIR-Bun 308
6 KUD Rindu Sawit ha ha 1 2007 111.6 111.6 60 2008 562.5 562.5 288 2 2010 416.8 416.8 215 3 2011 328.6 1,419.50 1,091.00 563 PTPN XIII 20 3 KUD Rindu Sawit 7 2007 08 1.5 PSM 5 10 21 PTPN XIII KUD avalis 22 20) PTPN XIII 21) Kementerian Pertanian 2006 VI 22 3 7 22) Kementerian Pertanian 2006 III 10 c 309
55 2 7 1 ha 1 * 19,437,202 2 1,496,000 3 284,805 4 1,060,898 22,278,905 5 31,834,259 54,113,164 PTPN XIII * 3 2. PSM PSM PSM 1 PSM 50 23 50 30 50 2 PSM 50 PTPN XIII 24 PTPN XIII 50 50 20 PTPN XIII PSM 23) 50 PTPN XIII KUD 2 3 24) PSM PTPN XIII 310
PTPN XIII PSM 3 3 PSM 1 PTPN XIII PSM PSM PSM PTPN XIII PSM PTPN XIII PSM 2 3 PSM PSM 3. 1. KUD Rindu Sawit PTPN XIII 1 KUD Sawit Permai 2. 1 20 PTPN XIII PSM Rindu Sawit PTPN XIII PSM Rindu Sawit 2011 KUD PSM Rindu Sawit PSM 1 1 KUD Rindu Sawit 1 KUD Rindu Sawit 2 K D KUD 311
55 2 8 K D Rindu Sawit ha 1997 3 1999 2 2000 4 2008 2 2012 5 CU* 2014 1.8 17.8 2014 9 8 10 KUD Rindu Sawit K D * credit union 2014 9 8 44 1983 Afdeling IB 2.3 ha 2010 PSM 2 PTPN XIII 2 PSM PTPN XIII 2 PSM PSM PSM 2 K D 1997 25 8 PSM 2008 K D 1997 2.4 ha 4 ha 6 ha 6 100 KUD 25) 2014 1.8 ha 16 ha 4 ha 312
PSM 15 20 ton 2,500 PSM K D 22 11 9 1 1 3 2 2 2 KUD Sawit Permai KUD Sawit Permai PSM PSM PTPN XIII 2 1 PSM PTPN XIII PTPN XIII PSM 2 PSM PTPN XIII dididik PSM 4. PSM PSM Rindu Sawit Sawit Permai PSM Rindu Sawit PTPN XIII 2015 6 PSM KUD 313
55 2 PSM 30 PSM PIR PSM Rindu Sawit 1 26 2 Rindu Sawit KUD Demplot Demonstrasi Plot 27 Sosialisasi 3. 1 K D Afdeling IB kelompok tani=poktan 1 35 Demplot 10 K D PSM 22 3 Demplot Afdeling IA Poktan 5 Demplot Rindu Sawit Rindu Sawit 2015 7 CU 28 Lantan Tipo KUD PSM 1,091 ha 1,800 ha 1982 89 1,018 ha CU avalis KUD PTPN XIII 2015 8 187 CU 26) 2016 3 PTPN XIII Kementerian Pertanian 2006 VI 22 3 27) 28) 8 314
Pola Swakelola Pola Satu Manajemen CU KUD Rindu Sawit Rindu Sawit PSM 1,091 ha Pola Swakelola 1,018 ha 800 ha 40 60 29 Demplot CU Rindu Sawit PSM V PSM PSM PTPN XIII 119 ha 2002 PTPN XIII Pelaihali 2,010 ha 29) 2016 9 4 Rindu Sawit K D 315
55 2 PSM PSM 30 PSM 2 K D K D Rindu Sawit PSM 60 PSM KUD PTPN XIII KUD KUD PTPN XIII 5 5 KUD Sawit Karya Mandiri KUD KUD Pekebun Binaan Kebun Binaan 9 PTPN XIII 31 PTPN XIII PTPN XIII 30) 2016 3 18 PTPN XIII PSM 31) PTPN XIII 2011 12 PTPN XIII KUD 2010 KUD 316
9 2014 ha ton 7,656 42,992 78,019,732 9,865 143,305 260,062,749 PTPN XIII 32 2014 33,753 ha 56.8 33 II Rindu Sawit CU 32) PTPN XIII 2015 9 2 3 KUD 33) Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat 2015 PTPN XIII 3 3 Pihak III 2016 8 6,243 ha 13 ton 3 16,000 ha PTPN XIII 3 317
55 2 NGO PTPN XIII 2014 9 PTPN XIII KUD 2011 PTPN XIII Andriati dan Wigena, Gusti Putu. 2011. Penguatan Aspek Kelembagaan Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan Peremajaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Plasma. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 29(2): 169 190. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). various issues. Statistik Kelapa Sawit Indonesia.. 2015. Statistik Indonesia. Bank Indonesia. 1998. Surat Keputusan Direksi Bank Indonesia No.31/45/KEP/DIR Tahun 1998 tentang Kredit kepada Koperasi Perimer untuk Anggotanya. BPS Kabupaten Sanggau. 2015a. Kabupaten Sanggau Dalam Angka 2015.. 2015b. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten Sanggau Menurut Lapangan Usaha 2010 2014. BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. various issues. Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka.. 2015. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Menurut Lapangan Usaha 2010 2014. Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. various issues. Perkebunan Dalam Angka Tahun.. 2015. Perkebunan Dalam Angka Berdasarkan Kecamatan 2014. Direktorat Jenderal (Ditjen) Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian. 2015. Peningkatan Produksi dan Produktivitas Tanaman Tahunan, Pedoman Teknis Revitalisasi Perkebunan (Kelapa Sawit, Kakao, Karet) Tahun 2015 (Revisi). 2010 189 222 2011 40(4): 105 133. 2013 80 No. 45 2 51 Hidayati, J.; Sukardi; Suryani, A.; Sugiharto; and Fauzi, A. M. 2013. Optimization of Business Partners Feasibility for Oil Palm Revitalization Using Fuzzy Approach. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology 3(2): 29 35. Kementerian Pertanian. 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No.33/Permentan/OT.140 /7/2006 tentang Pengembangan 318
Perkebunan Melalui Program Revitalisasi Perkebunan. Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) http://www.mpob.gov.my/ 2016 12 28 PTPN XIII. 2014. Laporan Tahunan (Annual Report) 2013. http://www.ptpn13.com/assets/files/73214ba3fed5cdaf 437a2b05ad645fd1b587.AR%20N13%202013%20print.pdf 2016 12 28. 2015. Laporan Tahunan (Annual Report) 2014. http://www.ptpn13.com/assets/files/5966b1b01b0b0112 9be9e4aabf481f3f634a.Annual-report-2014.pdf 2016 12 28 2017 11 1 319