ON COMMUNICATION OCT 26, 2016II what why/how
1. 赤ちゃんはなぜ可愛いか 文化とは何か 2. コミュニケーションとは何か ケース１ 通常の会話 授業中に コミュニケーションにおける 文化 の影響とは 教師 Sit down! 生徒 はーい 座る
2. 2. 18 Sit down! Sit down! 3. 10/4/16
3. 3. 10 A 10/4/16 10/4/16 3. B 10/4/16
.. 10/4/16 (1) Alan: Would you like to have supper with us tonight? (3) X: I am making a small joke. Lisa: No thanks. I ve eaten. Y: Very small. (Sperber & Wilson, 2002) ( Star Trek Enterprise ) (7) (4) 2012
. (5) X: Y: (6) X: Y:, 2002, p.20 She is cold! She is hot! She is on fire! She is blue. She is a lion!.. (1) (2) Thank you for being on time! (3) A: B:
Relevance Theory (1) Alan: Would you like to have supper with us tonight? Lisa: I ve eaten. Meaning (1) = Meaning (2) = (i) (ii) (resemblance in content) (iii) literalness 100% implicature) Private Mental Representation Public Representation (iv) loose talk 2003 p.107
(i) (interpretive) Private Mental Representation Public Representation (ii) (iii) literalness 100% implicature) Private Mental Representation Private Mental Representation (What is said) (What is implied) Explicature XX Implicature Explicature) & Implicature X (Sperber & Wilson, 1995, 2002; Carston, 1998)
disambiguation If the kids want to go on the river, I ll have to nip to the bank. (saturation) Implicature I ve eaten. (supper) (free enrichment) Yuko drinks. (habitually) (ad hoc concept construction) This meat is raw! (not fully cooked) loosening (implicated premise) (implicated conclusion) (1) Alan: Would you like to have supper with us tonight? Lisa: I ve eaten. Lisa Lisa
Martin: Alice: Martin: Alice: (). (). (Deception) A: Martin: Alice: Martin: ( ) (Martin gave a long, escaping sigh, and grinned at her) B:. (Deception). (Deception) Alice scenario (Thomas, 1995) Alice has been refusing to make love to her husband. At first he attributes this to post-natal depression, but then he started to think she may be having an affair. 10/4/16
. Politeness Conventional Style 親密距離. 個人距離 社会距離 公衆距離
.Politeness Initial Research Questions Would you mind if I sit here? Could you pass me the salt? Is it too much to ask you to lend me 50 bucks? Can you do me a big favor? RQ: polite RQ: polite Literature Review Politeness Theory by Brown & Levinson (B&P) Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lim, T. S. & Bowers, J. W. (1991). Facework: Solidarity, approbation, and tact. Human communication research, 17, 415-449. Face / Face Threatening Act (FTA) Strategies to manage FTA
Face () Face Negative Face (Independence Face): Positive Face (Involvement Face) Face Threatening Act (FTA) FTA Face Negative Face Positive Face FTA = SD + P + R SD: Social Distance P: Relative Power R: Relative Rank
FTA FTAStrategies P +/- SD +/- R +/- FTA Don t Do the FTA! ++ ++ ++ Off record + - ++ Negative Politeness - - - Positive Politeness - - - - Baldly Negative Politeness Don t Do the FTA! Off record Negative Politeness Positive Politeness Baldly (Can you?) (I just wanted to ask )
Negative Politeness: Mitigating Negative Face Positive Politeness Would you mind if I sit here? Could you pass me the salt? Is it too much to ask you to lend me 50 bucks? Can you do me a big favor? solidarity) (intimacy) RQ P +/- SD +/- R +/- Message ++ ++ ++ + - ++ It would be great if you could reconsider my grade. I am sorry to do this, but is there any chance I could Face Positive/Negative - - - Hey, can you grab me a soda? - - - - Pass me the salt!!
Lim & Bowers (1991) Positive Face Fellowship Face Competence Face Critical Literature Review FTA polite FacePositive/Negative Politeness PoliteFace Polite Negative Politeness Critical Literature Review RQ References / Work cited FaceFTA negative politeness politeness Brown, P. & S. C. Levinson. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lim, T. S. & Bowers, J. W. (1991). Facework: Solidarity, approbation, and tact. Human communication research, 17, 415-449.