2.3 CO 2 Closed-path CO 2 analyzer CO 2 CO 2 Leuning and Moncrieff 1990 Leuning and King 1992 Suyker and Verma 1993 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 2.2 CO 2 H 2 O LI-7500 LI-COR, Inc. AsiaFlux 2003 1 2 3 4 5 CO 2 2007 CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 1 Fig. 2.3-1 CO 2 Photo. 2.3-1 CO 2 Fig. 2.3-1 CO 2 LI-COR LI-6262 LI7000 Fig. 2.3-1 H 2 O 56
2.3 CO 2 CO 2 LI-6262 10Lmin 1 LI-6262 LI-COR LI-7000 Unlimited 2.0Lmin 1 Suyker and Verma 1993 Tips 2.3-13 Branch Sample Air Inlet P-2 Port By Choice FM-1 Branch port Pump Silica gel Bottle Dehumidified Air Solenoid Valve Manual Valve P-1 Inside the Main Case Control Line Pump AF-1 Air Dryer SV-1 NO COM NC FM-2 Flow Meter Air Filter Exhaust LI-6262/LI-7000 IRGA Sample cell Reference cell AF-2 MFC-1 2Lmin -1 SV-2 NO COM NC FM-3 StdGas Zero StdGas Span Pump P-3 AF-3 De-CO 2/desiccant assembly MFC-2 20mLmin -1 ZEN N 2 Programmable Sequence Controller Fig. 2.3-1 CO 2 Ohtani et al., 2001 57
Photo 2.3-1 Fig. 2.3-1 CO 2 CO 2 LI-COR 1μm PTFE LI-COR Tips 2.3-1 H 2 O WPL LI-7000 Tips 2.3-2 CO 2 LI-6262 7000 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 LI-6262 LI-COR CO 2 2 Fig. 2.3-1 CO 2 20mLmin 1 58
2.3 CO 2 LI-6262 LI-COR LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-6262 LI-COR LI-7000 LI-6262 CO 2 H 2 O LI-7000 LI-7000 LI-COR Tips 2.3-3 2 Fig. 2.3-1 Fig. 2.3-1 COM NO NC COM NO COM NC COM NO NC 2 2 COM NO NC NO CO 2 2 59
CO2 Cv CKD NO NC CKD SMC Tips 2.3-4 3 2 DC DC DC 60
2.3 CO 2 1 KNF Neuberger GmbH Gast Manufacturing, Inc. Tips 2.3-5 Swagelok Company Tips 2.3-6 4 CO 2 m 50m PTFE Thermoplastic Processes, Inc. 61
Bev-A-Line CO 2 PTFE 4 8mm PTFE PTFE PTFE PISCO Swagelok Tips 2.3-7 PTFE 6mm 8mm PTFE 50m 100m 53 47m PFA Tips 2.3-8 62
2.3 CO 2 Tips 2.3-7 ISO JIS PT ANSI NPT Tips 2.3-9 5 Tips 2.3-10 Tips 2.3-11 6 Nafion DuPont PermaPure dryer 63
MD 2 5 CKD HD-0.5 CO 2 CO 2 H 2 O CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Tips 2.3-12 7 CO 2 ON OFF Campbell Scientific, Inc. 64
2.3 CO 2 CR1000 CR3000 Campbell ON 5V 1 CO 2 Suyker and Verma, 1993 Tips 2.3-13 Photo 2.3-2 CR1000 Fig. 2.3-2 CR Basic 1 C1 11:50 12:00 23:50 24:00 10 C1 ON ON Tips 2.3-14 CR-Basic for CR1000 'Main Program BeginProg If IfTime (710,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,1 ) If IfTime (720,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,0 ) If IfTime (1430,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,1 ) If IfTime (1440,1440,Min) Then PortSet (1,0 ) EndProg Photo 2.3-2 CR1000 Fig. 2.3-2 CRBasic 65
8 CO 2 CO 2 2 CO 2 CO 2 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 3MPa CO 2 Air balance CO 2 Pearman 1977 Pearman and Garratt 1975 Griffith 1982 Griffith et. al. 1982 1982 2001) Tips 2.3-15 H 2 O H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O LI-COR LI-610 LI-610 Tips 2.3-16 66
2.3 CO 2 9 LI-6262 RS-232C DAC 2 DAC 0 5V LI-6262 OFF 0 LI-7000 RS-232C USB DAC DAC DAC1 DAC 1 4 DAC1 DAC2 0 5V 5 +5V CO 2 300 500ppm 0 5V DAC3 DAC4 0 2.5V +0.625 0.625V DAC LI-6262 10 Fig. 2.3-1 67
CO 2 Swagelok Tips 2.3-17 11 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 Appendix 2.3-1 CO 2 WPL WPL Suyker and Verma 1993 CO 2 WPL Grelle and Lindroth 1996 Tips 2.3-18 68
Appendix 2.3-1: Aubinet M. et al.(2000) Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Advances in Ecological Research, 30, 113-175. Lenshow D. H. and Raupach M. R. (1991) The attenuation of fluctuations in scalar concentrations through sampling tubes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, D8, 15259-15268. Leuning and Judd (1996) The relative merits of open- and closed-path analyzers for measurement of eddy fluxes, Global Change Biology, 2, 241-253. Leuning R. and Moncrieff J. (1990) Eddy-covariance CO 2 flux measurements using Open- and Closed-path CO 2 analysers: Corrections for analyser water vapour sensitivity and damping of fluctuation in air sampling tubes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 53, 63-76. Massman W. (1991) The attenuation of concentration fluctuations in turbulent flow through a tube. Journal of Geophysical Research, D8, 15269-15273. Monrcieff J. B., Massheder J. M., de Bruin H., Elbers J., Friborg T., Heusinkveld B., Kabat P., Scott S., Seogaard H., Verhoef A. (1997) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Journal of Hydrology, 188-189, 589-611. Philip J. R. (1963) The damping of a fluctuating concentration by continuous sampling through a tube. Australian Journal of Physics, 16, 454-463. Suyker A. E. and Verma S. B. (1993) Eddy correlation measurement of CO 2 flux using a closed-path sensor: Theory and field tests against an open-path sensor. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 64, 391-407. Yasuda Y. and Watanabe T. (2001) Comparative measurements of CO 2 flux over a forest using closed-path and open-path CO 2 analysers, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 100, 191-208. 69