23 Agostini v. Felton McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky Van Orden v. Perry
24
25
26 Alembik, The Future of the Lemon Test : A Sweeter Alternative for Establishment Clause Analysis, 40 Ga L. Rev. 1171 2006 Lemon Endorsement Coercion See, e.g., J. E. Nowak & R. D. Rotunda, Constitutional Law 7th ed. 2004 ; K.M. Sullivan & G. Gunther, Constitutional Law 16th ed. 2007.
27 Lemon v. Kurtzman Stone v. Graham 403 U.S. 602 1971 Id. at 612-13. See Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39, 40-41 1980. See, e.g., Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 56 1985 ; Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578, 586-87 1987 ; Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 308 2000. 449 U.S. 39 1980.
28 Lemon Lemon Hunt v. McNair Lemon Marsh v. Chambers Lynch v. Donnelly See, e.g., Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 1971. 413 U.S. 734 1973. Id. at 741. 463 U.S. 783 1983 465 U.S. 668 1984 Lynch v. Donnelly, 104 S.Ct. 1355 1984
29 the Pledge of Allegiance Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ceremonial deism 465 U.S. at 696 Brennan, J., dissenting. 542 U.S. 2004. Id. at 18-33 Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in the judgment. Id. at 33-45 O Connor, J., concurring in the judgment. ceremonial deism
30 Lynch v. Donnelly endorsement disapproval See e.g., Kuligowski, The Supreme Court s Dilemma Respecting Establishment Clause Jurisprudence, 38 Cumb. L. Rev. 245 2008. Alembik, supra note 9, at 1180-81. See Id. at 1183 465 U.S. 668 1984.
31 Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU Id. at 688 O Connor, J., concurring. Id. at 690 O Connor, J., concurring. 174 492 U.S. 573 1989. Id. at 597.
32 reasonable observer Lee v. Weisman Lee Allegheny Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 76 1985. 505 U.S. 577 1992. Lee v. Weisman, U.S., 112 S. Ct. 2649 1992 invocation benediction 1993 298 Leev.Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 1992 505 U.S. at 587. Id. at 593.
33 Lee Lemon endorsement Lee Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 492 U. S. 573, 655-79 1989 Kennedy, J., cocurring in the judgment in part dissenting in part. 505 U.S. at 599-609 Blackmun, J., concurring. Id. at 609-31 Souter, J., concurring. Id. at 631-46 Scalia, J., dissenting. Id. at 593 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 1943 Lee 505 U.S. at 640 Scalia, J., dissenting. Alembik, supra note 9 at 1184.
34 Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe Board of Education of Kiryas Joel v. Grumet 530 U.S. 290 2000 Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 120 S. Ct. 2266 2000 U.S. 687 1994 Id. at 696.
35 Rosenberger v. University of Virginia Mitchell v. Helms Zelman v. Simmons-Harris Agostini v. Felton Agostini v. Felton 515 U.S. 819 1995 530 U.S. 793 2000. 536 U.S. 639 2002. Kilroy, A Lost Opportunity to Sweeten the Lemon of Establishment Clause Jurisprudence : An Analysis of Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia,6 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol y 701, 711 1997. 521 U.S. 203 1997 Agostini v. Felton U.S. 117 S. Ct. 1997 1997 establishment clause Alembik, supra note 9 at 1187.
36 School District of Grand Rapids v. Ball Aguilar v. Felton Zelman v. Simmons-Harris Agostini 473 U.S. 373 1985. 473 U.S. 402 1985. 521 U.S. at 233-34. 536 U.S. 639 2002. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris U.S. 122 S.Ct. 2460 2002 Establishment Clause
37 Agostini Agostini Zelman Alembik, supra note 9, at 1187. See Bunnow, Reinventing the Lemon : Agostini v. Felton and the Changing Nature of Establishment Clause Jurisprudence, 1998 Wis. L. Rev. 1133, 1172-74.
38 Agostini Agostini Lamb s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 508 U.S. 384 1993 Scalia, J., concurring in the judgment. 545 U.S. 844 2005. Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677, 125 S. Ct. 2854 2005 ; McCreary County, Ky. v. ACLU of Ky., 545 U.S. 844, 125 S. Ct. 2722 2005 2008
39 McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky McCreary, Pulaski ACLU 11 the precedent legal code ACLU ACLU McCreary County, 545 U.S. at 851-54. 96 F. Supp. 2d 679 ED Ky. 2000. McCreary County, 545 U.S. at 854-55. Id. at 855-57.
40 Stone Lemon Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S.39 1980. 145 F. Supp. 2d 845 ED Ky. 2001. 354 F. 3d 438 2003. McCreary County, 545 U.S. at 857-58. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 1971. McCreary County, 545 U.S. at 859-61.
41 Stone Id. at 861-63. Id. at 863-66. Id. at 867-68. Id. at 868-70.
42 Id. at 870-74. Id. at 883-85 O Connor, J., concurring.
43 Foundations Displays Id. at 887-89 Scalia, J., dissenting. Id. at 894. Id. at 900-02. Id. at 903-08.
44 Van Orden v. Perry the Fraternal Order of Eagles Eagles Id. at 908-12. 545 U.S. 677 2005 Van Orden, 545 U.S. at 681-83 NO. A-01-CA-833-H, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26709, 351 F. 3d 173 5th Cir. 2003.
45 Stone Stone Van Orden, 545 U.S. at 683-92.
46 40 Stone Lee McCreary Stone Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 1992. Van Orden, 545 U.S. at 698-705 Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment.
47 Stone Stone Van Orden McCreary Id. at 737-47 Souter, J., dissenting. Id. at 692 Scalia, J., concurring. Id. at 692-98 Thomas, J., concurring. Id. at 707-36 Stevens, J., dissenting.
48 McCreary McCreary Van Orden McCreary Van Orden Id. at 737 O Connor, J., dissenting. See Mota, Competing Judicial Philosophies and Differing Outcomes : The US Supreme Court Allows and Disallows the Posting of the Ten Commandments on Public Property in Van Orden v. Perry and McCreary County V. ACLU, 42 Willamette L. Rev. 99, 121-22 2006.
49 McCreary Van Orden Lemon McCreary McCreary Heller, Context is King : A Perception-Based Test for Evaluating Government Displays of the Ten Commandments, 51 Vill. L. Rev. 379, 405-06 2006. Alembik, supra note 9, at 1200.
50 McCreary Lemon The Supreme Court,2004 Term Leading Cases, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 169, 264 2005. Heller, supra note 102, at 408. The Supreme Court, supra note 104, at 262-63, 267-68.
51 (subtly) Van Orden McCreary Van Orden Van Orden McCreary Id. at 258. See e.g., D. J. Merritt & D.C. Merritt, The Future of Religious Pluralism : Justice O Connor and the Establishment Clause, 39 Ariz. St. L.J. 895 2007.
52 Stone Stone McCreary Stone Stone McCreary Van Orden Stone Stone McCreary McCreary
53 Van Orden McCreary Van Orden Van Orden, 545 U.S. at 701-704 Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment See Maier & Mull, Holy Moses : What Do We Do With the Ten Commandments?, 57 Mercer L. Rev. 645, 670 2006 ;Mota,supra note 101, at 120. The Supreme Court, supra note 104, at 253-258.
54 McCreary Silberlight, Thou Shall not Overlook Context : A Look at the Ten Commandments under the Establishment Clause, 18 Widener L.J. 113, 147 2008. Id. at 147. Maier & Mull, supra note 110, at 669-71 Mota, supra note 101, at 120-21. Van Orden Weins, A Problematic Plurality Precedent : Why the Supreme Court Should Leave Marks over Van Orden v. Perry, 85 Neb. L. Rev. 830 2007
55 Agostini McCreary