Effect of Organic Substrates on the Transportability and Growth of Nursery Stock of Satsuma Mandarin cv. Isiji Katsuhiko NAKAMOTO, Naohisa MIYAWAKI and Mihoko HASEGAWA Reprinted from Bulletion of the Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute Agricultural Technology Research Center No. 84 July, 2009
84 19 33 2009 12 11 500ha 1985 20 20 5 2002 2001 2002 * ** 21 31 2003 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 JA P-50L 2
84 4 ph 1m 3 4 1 1 0.5 20l 30l 665 430 1 50 4 9 30 6l 1 6l DM-105 DM-8 10 pf1.8 1 20 00746 2 10 2 10 198765 10 2 180 pf1.8 1 15 ph EC 1 5 1986 1 15 2001 15l 20l 1 0g 30g 45g 3 18 1 9 5 2 16 10 14 5 16 10 31 2 12 pf1.8 DP-6100GP 1 3 0g 45g 30g 2002 4 2 5 48 4
24 16 10 14 12 12 140 14 12 14 1 1 20g 30g 3 8 4 24 12 2 10 15 1984 35 6 3 2004 5 1 1 12 1 pf1 5 pf1.8 pf2.0 pf2.2 4 1 20 10 22 5 4 1 20g 140 14 12 14 2003 13-3 4 3 16 5 23 1 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 2003 10 30 0 15 16 30 2003 2 4 3 2 8.7 20.9 10 28 30 40 2 10m 40 44 2 H 2 XL 10 5 100 100 130 130 150 150 190 2002 2003 4 4 1 2 18 9 27 1971 3 2002 4 11 15 2003 1 8 11 25
84 2 1 1/2 3 40 30 250g 1 OD 1 30g 140 14 12 14 ph H 2 O EC ds m -1 kgf cm -2 230 230 230 kg 20l 00g 6.48 5.63aa 0.16 0.12aa 0.27a 30g 6.48 4.33aa 0.16 1.47aa 0.20a 10.1a 22.4 67.5a 17.2a 166a 45g 6.48 4.27aa 0.16 0.48aa 0.05a 00g 6.03 5.47aa 0.23 0.06aa 0.17a 30g 6.03 4.29aa 0.23 0.64aa 0.11a 18.7a 25.1 66.2a 17.3a 448a 45g 6.03 5.33aa 0.23 1.20aa 0.08a 00g 6.58 6.58aa 0.15 0.04aa 1.22a 30g 6.58 4.39aa 0.15 0.53aa 0.42a 36.8a 24.7 38.5a 22.7c 176a 45g 6.58 5.33aa 0.15 0.62aa 0.24a 15l 00g 6.63 6.17aa 0.18 0.09aa 0.19a 30g 6.63 4.08aa 0.18 1.09aa 0.25a 10.4a 24.5 65.1a 15.7a 149a 45g 6.63 4.50aa 0.18 2.00aa 0.24a 00g 6.18 6.18aa 0.27 0.03aa 0.10a 30g 6.18 4.23aa 0.27 0.90aa 0.18a 19.2a 29.7 61.1a 16.2a 336a 45g 6.18 4.63aa 0.27 0.42aa 0.10a 00g 6.43 6.43aa 0.16 0.04aa 0.45a 30g 6.43 4.38aa 0.16 0.44aa 0.80a 37.8a 25.6 36.6a 17.2b 156a 45g 6.43 5.37aa 0.16 0.30aa 0.61a 20l 6.36 5.07aa 0.18 0.88aa 0.31a 18.5a 24.1 57.4a 12.4b 196b 15l 6.41 5.11aa 0.20 0.81aa 0.32a 19.1a 26.6 54.3a 19.7a 147a 6.56 4.83aa 0.17 0.88ba 0.20a 10.2a 23.5 66.3b 16.4a 158a 6.11 5.02ab 0.25 0.54ab 0.12a 18.9a 27.4 63.7b 16.8a 392b 6.51 5.41ba 0.16 0.33aa 0.62b 37.3b 25.2 37.6a 19.9b 166a 0g 6.39 6.08ca 0.19 0.06aa 0.40a 30g 6.39 4.28aa 0.19 0.85ba 0.33a 45g 6.39 4.91ba 0.19 0.84ba 0.22a A n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B n.s. n.s. n.s. C n.s. n.s. n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 2 1 1 1 1 1 S604 N P 2O 5 K 2O 16 10 14 12 610cm 2001 5 2 230 2001 12 21 ph EC 1 5. 5 1 n.s.
1 ph EC 230 0g ph EC ph EC ph EC 1 63.7 66.3 37.6 8.9 10.2 37.3 20l 67.5 15l 20l 5.7 7.2 6.2 7.3 32 36 15l 20l 49 65 87 336 448 6 7 2 3 2 b 5 16 12 21 20l 0g 3.8 4.3a 113a 100a 67 1.56aa 30g 3.5 4.5a 129a 215a 117a 1.83aa 45g 3.5 4.2a 123a 201a 111a 1.81aa 0g 3.5 3.5a 101a 74a 40 1.87aa 30g 3.8 4.4a 119a 155a 84 1.85aa 45g 3.7 4.2a 115a 128a 71 1.81aa 0g 3.6 4.0a 112a 125a 71 1.75aa 30g 3.7 4.7a 129a 251a 129a 1.94aa 45g 3.9 4.7a 121a 224a 118a 1.85aa 15l 0g 3.5 3.7a 106a 82a 49 1.66aa 30g 3.4 4.6a 135a 197a 103a 1.90aa 45g 3.7 4.4a 121a 162a 86 1.88aa 0g 3.8 4.1a 111a 74a 48 1.55aa 30g 3.7 4.2a 113a 122a 72 1.70aa 45g 3.8 4.0a 106a 108a 68 1.57aa 0g 3.5 4.1a 120a 112a 65 1.70aa 30g 3.4 4.5a 132a 253a 126a 1.98aa 45g 3.6 4.1a 115a 159a 88 1.78aa 20l 3.7 4.3a 119a 172b 93b 1.84aa 15l 3.6 4.2a 118a 147a 82a 1.75aa 3.6 4.3b 122b 168b 93b 1.81ab 3.7 4.1a 110a 115a 66a 1.74aa 3.6 4.4b 122b 196b 104b 1.85ba 0g 3.6 4.0a 110a 95a 57a 1.68aa 30g 3.6 4.5c 126c 199c 105c 1.87ba 45g 3.7 4.3b 117b 164b 90b 1.77aa e A n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B n.s. C n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 1 1 10 2001 11 1 5 1 n.s.
84 g T-R b 20l 0g 40aa 32aa 73aa 1.26aa 40.0a 1.31 30g 122aa 54aa 176aa 2.26aa 56.9a 3.85 45g 88aa 51aa 139aa 1.68aa 39.3a 3.81 0g 32aa 32aa 64aa 1.05aa 52.2a 2.69 30g 79aa 47aa 126aa 1.71aa 46.2a 4.81 45g 57aa 44aa 101aa 1.27aa 44.3a 4.81 0g 43aa 39aa 81aa 1.11aa 50.1a 1.20 30g 138aa 61aa 199aa 2.35aa 51.7a 3.72 45g 113aa 56aa 169aa 2.02aa 50.4a 4.01 15l 0g 40aa 32aa 73aa 1.26aa 40.0a 1.31 30g 122aa 54aa 176aa 2.26aa 56.9a 3.85 45g 88aa 51aa 139aa 1.68aa 39.3a 3.81 0g 32aa 32aa 64aa 1.05aa 52.2a 2.69 30g 79aa 47aa 126aa 1.71aa 46.2a 4.81 45g 57aa 44aa 101aa 1.27aa 44.3a 4.81 0g 43aa 39aa 81aa 1.11aa 50.1a 1.20 30g 138aa 61aa 199aa 2.35aa 51.7a 3.72 45g 113aa 56aa 169aa 2.02aa 50.4a 4.01 20l 79ba 46ba 125ba 1.63aa 47.9a 3.36 15l 62aa 39aa 101aa 1.58aa 46.0a 3.12 75ab 43ab 118ab 1.69ab 47.7b 2.96 51aa 40ba 91aa 1.27aa 39.9a 3.78 86ba 45aa 132ba 1.86ba 50.2b 2.98 0g 38aa 35aa 72aa 1.10aa 44.8a 1.54 30g 103ca 49ba 152ca 2.13ca 40.7a 4.05 45g 72ba 44ba 117ba 1.59ba 45.2a 4.14 A n.s. n.s. B C n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 1 1 1 2 2 100 arcsin 5 2 1.68 2 5 1 n.s. 2 20l 15l 20l 15l 20l 15l 30g pf1.8 20l 15l T-R 30g 45g T-R 2.96 3.78 30g
ph H 2O EC ds m-1 4 24 12 20 4 24 12 20 1 20g 6.52 4.96 6.66 0.18 1.61 0.51 30g 6.52 4.25 6.84 0.18 1.88 0.53 12 20g 6.52 5.19 6.59 0.18 2.39 0.54 30g 6.52 4.09 6.48 0.18 3.42 0.50 1 20g 6.52 5.81 6.73 0.18 0.97 0.41 30g 6.52 4.98 6.62 0.18 1.86 0.47 12 20g 6.52 4.63 6.79 0.18 2.23 0.45 30g 6.52 4.34 6.29 0.18 1.38 0.54 6.52 4.62a 6.66 0.18 2.36 0.52 6.52 4.94b 6.63 0.18 1.63 0.45 1 6.52 5.00b 6.71 0.18 1.55a 0.48 12 6.52 4.56a 6.52 0.18 2.44b 0.50 20g 6.52 5.15b 6.69 0.18 1.80 0.48 30g 6.52 4.42a 6.59 0.18 2.23 0.50 A n.s. n.s. n.s. B n.s. n.s. C n.s. n.s. n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 2002 4 24 12 20 ph EC 1 5 1 10 11 20 5 1 n.s. 4 23 11 20 1 20g 39.0 47.0 121 270 125 2.16 30g 37.3 43.5 117 259 129 2.02 12 20g 37.7 44.7 119 333 145 2.30 30g 35.7 42.7 120 332 146 2.26 1 20g 34.2 40.7 121 120 074 1.68 30g 36.5 43.2 119 116 072 1.46 12 20g 35.5 42.5 120 151 081 1.88 30g 40.3 43.0 113 141 083 1.71 37.4 44.5 119 299b 136b 2.18b 36.6 42.3 118 132a 077a 1.68a 1 36.8 43.6 119 191a 100a 1.83a 12 37.3 43.2 118 239b 114b 2.06b 20g 37.5 43.1 120 219 106 1.99 30g 36.6 43.7 118 212 107 1.88 A n.s. n.s. n.s. B n.s. n.s. n.s. C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 10 2002 11 20 5 1 n.s.
84 4 8 ph EC ph 12 20g 30g ph EC 12 5 6 12 2 T-R 1.7 T-R T-R g g g 1 20g 160a 71 231 2.23 34.9 30g 130a 54 184 2.42 32.3 12 20g 164a 71 235 2.39 37.3 30g 169a 58 227 2.90 34.4 1 20g 69 45 114 1.52 42.5 30g 80 56 136 1.43 39.1 12 20g 86 53 138 1.65 37.7 30g 84 44 128 1.74 30.2 156b a63b a219b a2.49b 34.7 079a a50a a129a a1.57a 37.4 1 110a 56 166 a1.90a 37.2 12 126b 56 182 a2.21b 34.9 20g 120a 60 179 1.95 38.1 30g 116a 53 169 2.16 34.0 A n.s. B n.s. n.s. n.s. C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B C n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 2002 12 4 1 2 2 100 arcsin 5 1 n.s. T-R pf1.5 158.0 46.6aa 28.2aa 074.8aa 19.1aa 1.65 pf1.8 143.1 64.8ba 41.3ba 106.2ba 34.7ba 1.61 pf2.0 141.7 56.2ab 42.6ab 098.8ab 36.3ba 1.33 pf2.2 123.0 45.8aa 32.7ab 078.4aa 29.9ab 1.44 n.s. n.s. 1 2 2mm 100 arcsin Tukey-Kramer 5 1
12 7 pf1.8 pf2.2 pf1.5 pf2.0 pf2.0 pf1.8 pf2.2 pf1.5 T-R pf1.5 T-R 8 2 1 1 23 42 10 1 8 1 2 g h 1 44 77 8.0 246 93.7b 37.3b 131.0b 125 42.4 11.3 2 45 79 8.0 200 73.5a 36.3b 109.8a 105 35.4 22.6 33 58 5.7 195 71.7a 31.7a 103.3a 98 38.3 10.9 57 100 13.8 216 74.0a 31.0a 105.0a 100 35.8 0.0 n.s. n.s. 4 7 1 12 27 180 10 1 31 1 2 100 0 15 2 100 arcsin Tukey-Kramer 5 a b
84 1 1.25 1 42.4 4.1 7.0 1 11 1 2 3 1 3 4 100 44 62 30 2 68.6 72.8bpm 97.6 102.8bpm 102.2 110.2bpm 142 150 3 9 9 1 15 36 14 18 2 1 9 a 4 11 1 9 g g g T-R 4.5 5.1aa 108aa 620a 213a 116a 329a 48.1 1.90 36 1/2 4.4 5.1aa 115aa 643a 220a 119a 339a 43.9 1.85 4.9 5.3aa 109aa 413a 250a 117a 367a 43.6 2.11 4.4 4.5aa 103aa 490a 174a 177a 251a 41.4 2.35 18 1/2 4.9 5.1aa 106aa 531a 204a 195a 299a 46.5 1.95 4.8 4.9aa 102aa 376a 171a 173a 244a 38.2 2.31 4.4 4.5aa 103aa 261a 135a 163a 197a 36.8 2.18 14 1/2 4.6 4.6aa 102aa 231a 105a 164a 169a 37.4 1.65 4.9 4.8aa 197aa 289a 120a 157a 178a 34.7 1.99 4.6 5.2ba 111ba 577b 228b 117b 345c 45.2 1.95 4.7 4.9ab 103aa 465b 183b 182a 265b 42.0 2.23 4.6 4.6aa 100aa 260a 120a 161a 181a 36.3 1.94 4.4 4.7aa 104ab 482a 174a 185a 259a 42.1 2.14 1/2 4.6 4.9aa 107ba 468a 176a 192a 269a 42.6 1.80 4.9 5.0aa 102aa 352a 181a 183a 263a 38.8 2.14 A n.s. n.s. n.s. B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. A B n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. 15 1/2 1/2 10 1 2 ph 2mm / 100 arcsin e 2 e 5 1 n.s.
19831982 10l 100 20l 7 66 32 87 2002 9.7 140 72 47 67.5 2 1 20012003 2002 2001 24 30 1994 1984 1 1 5g 1 2 1 2002 1 16 8g LP-100 1 30g 2 6 2001 200214.4me 100g 1 ph 7 1978 ph 1 1984 ph 2006 1 20g 3 1 ph EC 2007
84 T-R 1.7 1985 35 1 20g 3 1 1969 pf1.5 1964 50l 1 pf2.0 pf1.2 pf2.8 pf3.6 1 pf1.8 20 2008 2007 pf1.5 2008 5 1 7 2 63 5 1 10 22 1977 2001 1 2002 1 1.25 23 1 pf1.8 20 5 2 2003 2002 2002 20 7 2 30 3 9 15 1984 1977
2 1 20l 3 20g 1 1 10 pf1.8 20 2 1 1 1 1 20l 30 30l 1 20g 1 3 35 1 1.7 1 pf1.8 20 23 1.25 2 30 2 3 1986 pp10-76 2007 1 46 3 1978 4 16 31-42
84 2003 2 12 59-68 2001 1 10 59-65 1977 4-15 1985 2 1 21 19-25 1971 2 9-17 1985 2 60 14-15 2001 6 102-104 1987 pp2-27 2003 5 56-65 1983 58 185-186 1984 pp107-117 2008 47 2 2002 15 17-12 2002 14 437-438 2003 3 143-145 2006 21 1 204 2 10 2003 72 2 314 2002 41-48 1987 4 250-253 1969 1 8 9-16 2001 76 809-812 1962 pp11-15 1964 1 17 13-46 1982 23 49-57 1994 27 109-112 1984 pp77-102
Effect of Organic Substrates on the Transportability and Growth of Nursery Stock of Satsuma Mandarin cv. Isiji Katsuhiko NAKAMOTO, Naohisa MIYAWAKI and Mihoko HASEGAWA Summary After choosing an organic potting substrate suitable for the growth and retention or ageing of nursery stock of the satsuma mandarin cv. Isiji, we examined fertilizer use and soil moisture management. The ease of transport, method of planting and tree growth after planting out into various soil types was evaluated to evaluate the success of the organic substrate. The study resulted in the following findings : 1. Characteristic of organic substrate. The organic substrate chosen as a potting medium was very light, being a 1 to 1 mix by volume of composted bark and rice hulls. The weight of the organic substrate was only about 30% that of the usual soil substrate, but the material cost equaled that of soil. For raising and aging the nursery stock, we used 20 liters per tree of the organic substrate. 2. Fertilizer use. A fertilizer management regime suitable for raising aged nursery stock of satsuma mandarin Isiji included coated fertilizer equivalent to a nitrogen use of 20g per tree per year. 3. Soil moisture management. A soil tensiometer was placed in the organic substrate and a piece of non-woven fabric placed on the top of the organic substrate to retain the moisture and prevent it drying out. Soil moisture management assumed automatic irrigation when the pf reached 1.8 using 20 per time for a one-year old nursery tree of satsuma mandarin Isiji. 4. Transportability. The lightweight nature of the organic substrate gave a clear advantage for users when it became necessary to transport aged nursery stock. Comparing the work required during transportation, the organic substrate could reduce the labor time over the two-year ageing process by 30% compared to the standard soil substrate. In addition, the standing posture during handling was improved so reducing the effort required and lessening the chance of injury. 5. The effects of the soil type in the orchard and the planting method on the subsequent growth of nursery stock that had been raised in the organic substrate were also investigated. Within the prefecture three kinds of soil are found in the centers of citrus production. We showed that use of a organic substrate gave a wide soil adaptability, with growth on planting out in all three types equivalent to that using the standard soil substrate for the two years of nursery raising of satsuma mandarin trees. In addition, the organic substrate reduced the labor at planting out as little root pruning was needed to prepare the root ball. Key words transportability, handling,organic substrate,growth,nursery stock, rice hulls, bark manure, satsuma mandarin, Isiji