Cd: cr : 2MG: 2-1MG: 1- RBP:
1.8 2.8 20
5.2 5.2.1 WHO
5.2.1 1 298 g/l 5 g/l Peplow D, Edmonds R. 230mg/kg 2.5mg/kg 246µg/L 161µg/L Lee JS, 2005
5.2.1 11-19 µg/ 0.17-0.30 µg/kg / PTWI 17-30% 0.5µg/ 0.02µg/ Puklova V et al. 2005
5.2.1 600 WHO 3 µg/l 0.5% 5.8% 10% PTWI 0.68% 2.06% PTWI 27.4% 29.1% Barton H, 2005
0.2ppm 0.25% 0.4ppm 0.4ppm 1.
PTWI Galal-Gorchev H.,1993
5.2.3
5.2.4 PTWI
5.2.4 14
5.2.4 10 28.7µg/ 10 PTWI 50% 10 mg/ 10% 20µg/ Louekari K.,1992
14 36.5% 24.5% 12.0% 8.1% 7.1%
5.3 5.3.1 10 28.7µg/ 10 PTWI 50%
5.3 5.3.2 1.15 µg/kg/ 8 µg/kg/ PTWI 0.44µg/kg/
8.3 8.3.1 Cd 16,024 Cd Cd Cd Cd Mannino et al (2004)
8.3.1 West Midlands 926 1947 2000 Sorahan and Esmen (2004)
8.3.2 43 ( 9-34 ) 3-15mg/m 3 Friberg (1948a, 1948b, 1950)
8.3.2 Cd Cd 0.2-1.6mg/m 3 0.7mg/m 3 10 1-19 3 2 9 (de Silva and Donnan 1981)
8.3.2 Lauwerys (1974, 1979) 115 Cd matched case control study 20 90 20 25 2 Cd 1-58 / 3 Cd 20 / 3 50-350 / 3 3-67 / 3 1
8.3.2 Cd 16 122 (1982) 7 Cd 0.1-8.4mg/m 3 8 1mg/m 3 7 Cd 2.08 g/dl 32.6 g/l 2MG
8.3.2 Cd 1950 Friberg (1950) Cd (Adams 1979,.Baader 1951, Bonnell 1955, Bonnell et al 1960, de Siva and Donnan 1981, Lauwerys et al 1974, Suzuki et al 1965, Tuchiya 1967)
8.3.2 55 Cd (Hansen 1977) 25 2MG 2 10 100
8.3.2 Cd (Bernard 1979) 18 42 21 77 1.2 5.4 2MG 34 31
8.3.2 Cd Cd (Adams et al 1969, Bonnell 1959l, Kazantzis 1963, Suzuki et al 1965)
8.3.2 Cd 60 ( 58 2 ) 4-24 Cd (Elinder et al 1985) 2MG 40 Cd 2MG 1976-1983 2MG
8.3.2 Kawada (1993) Cd 1986-1992 Cd 0.857mg/m 3 0.045mg/m 3 Cd Cd 41.7-94.6
8.3.2 1984 32 1980-1984 1990-1992 2MG 300 g/g cr Cd 20 g/g cr 2MG 300 1500 g/g cr Cd 2 g/g cr 2MG 1500 g/g cr Cd 20 g/g cr Cd (McDiarmid et al 1997)
8.3.2 Nicaud(1942) Ni-Cd 20 2 4 Friberg(1950) Cd
8.3.2 Scott (1976) Cd 27 22 Cd 3 Cd 20-30 g/l
8.3.2 Cd 92 ( 20 72 ) Cd 0.04-0.5mg/m 3 (Vorobjeva 1980)
8.3.2 Cd
8.3.2 Cd, Cd Cd 75-1105 g/m 3 1947 40-31300 g/m 3 1940-1969 2 292 1974 180 92 20 0.3-1.4 g/m 3 (Lemen et al 1976)
8.3.2 Cd 5 Cd 269 1975 Cd 192-1947 1mg/m 3 1950 0.3mg/m 3 1962-1974 50 g/m 3 1949-1975 43 8 (Kjellstrom et al)
8.3.2 Cd 1959-1975 15 Cd
8.3.2 Cd 602 Cd (Thun et al 1985) Cd SMR 584mg-day/m 3 SMR=53 584-2920 mgday/m 3 SMR=152 2921 mgday/m 3 SMR=280
8.3.3 8.3.3.2 Cd 20 Cd Cd
8.3.3 8.3.3.2 Cd Cd 30 4 15 12 187 2004
8.3.3.2 30 37 41 40 1, 031 X 61 2,614 1 1968
8.3.3.2 42 7 30 6,711 6,093 1974 60
8.3.3.2 1974 19 42 11 454 405 1975
8.3.3.2 Ca P Ca/P 1975
8.3.3.2 Cd 19.8 1.1µg/g cr. 26.4 1.0µg/g cr. 30.0µg/g cr. 1975
8.3.3.2 1975
8.3.3.2 Cd Ca P Ca/P Cd P P Cd Nogawa 1979a
8.3.3.2 43 5
8.3.3.2 43 Cd 6,000 42 43 6,155 7,028 13,183
8.3.3.2 Cd Cd Osawa 2001; Watanabe 2002 Cd Kobayashi E, 2002; Chiyoda 2003; Watanabe 2004
8.3.3.2 Cd Cd Cd
8.3.3.2 Cd Kingsbury-Clark Benedict 1971a; 1971b
8.3.3.2 Cd 10 80 242 123 119 Kingsbury- Clark 40 1972
8.3.3.2 30 Cd 20 110 24 Cd 20 40 1972
8.3.3.2 Cd retinol-binding protein RBP 1971; Kanai 1978 2-2MG 1976
8.3.3.2 51-60 138 2MG Cd Cd Kjellström 1977 2MG 100 300 2MG 2MG Cd Shiroishi 1977
8.3.3.2 1976 Cd 9 10 70 Nogawa 1979b; 1982a 20 98 90 596 275 321 419 RBP 2MG
8.3.3.2 2MG RBP 60 Cd 2MG RBP Cd S Cd 246 295 541 1982b
8.3.3.2 RBP 2MG 2MG RBP Cd 2MG S probit 246 296 542 Cd 2MG RBP probit Nogawa 1979b
8.3.3.2 Cd 44 66 18 64 9 20 RBP Cd Nogawa 1977
8.3.3.2 96 %TRP Cd sensitivity Nogawa 1980; 1981
8.3.3.2 33 17 2MG RBP lysozyme Ccr PAH PSP Cd Nogawa 1984
8.3.3.2 18 21 15 13 394µg/g cr. 1880µg/g cr. 2000µg/g cr. 880µg/g cr. 2MG RBP Tohyama 1981 1982
8.3.3.2 5 5 2MG N-acetyl- -D-glucosaminidase NAG NAG 2MG 2MG Cd Nogawa 1983
8.3.3.2 5 50 191 Cd 141 NAG 2MG NAG 100U/g cr. 2MG 50,000µg/g cr. NAG 2MG NAG Nogawa 1986
8.3.3.2 1983 1 1984 6 Cd Aoshima 1987 24 Cd 11 55 66 5 2 Cd 247 187 75.7 46 32 69.6
8.3.3.2 12 6 Cd 11 2MG 1MG Cd ph 2
8.3.3.2 2MG 1mg/g cr 100mg/g cr 38.3 11 Cd 0.12-0.03ppm Cd 0.32-0.57ppm
8.3.3.2 Cd Cd Cd
8.3.3.4 1968 Cd 1974 1975 1981 1982
8.3.3.4 1974 1975 Nogawa (1978) 50 2691 Cd Cd Cd retinol binding protein (RBP)
8.3.3.4 1981 1982 50 3465 ( 1574 1891 ) Cd N 80 2 ( 2MG) 1,000 g/g cr Cd 50 14.3% 18.7% Kido (1987)
8.3.3.4 (MT) MT 97.5% 638 g/g cr 693 g/g cr) Kido (1987)
8.3.3.4 Cd 2MG 3178 1424 1754 probit linear model (Ishizaki et al., 1989) logistic linear model (Hayano et al., 1996) 2MG Cd 3.8-4.0 1.6-3.0 g/g cr 3.8-4.1 2.3-4.6 g/g cr
8.3.3.4 50 3110 MT Cd 4.2 4.8 g/g cr (Kido et al., 1991)
8.3.3.4 Nogawa (1989) Cd 50 1,850 ( 878 972 ) 2MG 2
8.3.3.4 Kido (1993) MT logistic linear model 2.2g 2.3g
8.3.3.4 Hochi (1995) Nogawa N 2MG MT 2.2 3.8g MT 1.5-2.6g Cd 2g
8.3.3.4 50 30 1703 2MG MT 2MG MT Cd 0.34ppm (Nakashima et al., 1997)
8.3.3.4 Cd 74 ( 32 42 ) Cd 1981 1986 2MG 1000 g/g cr 2MG 1000 g/g cr 5 Cd 5 (Kido et al., 1988)
8.3.3.5, Cd 1975, 1977a, 35 137, 13, 2.5
8.3.3.5,, 33 10,,, 2-microglobulin 2MG r=0.62, r=0.57, Cd r=0.50, 1977b, Cd 0.64ppm N=85,, 1981
8.3.3.5 Kojima 1977, Cd 7 50 69, 156 50 69, 93 Cd 150 g/, 40 g/, Cd 7.5 2.0 g/l 2MG 700 g/l, 14, 3.2
8.3.3.5 1985, 1932-1979,,,,,,
8.3.3.5 Iwata 1992, 1975 1977 2MG 40 230 1990, Cox, 2MG 2MG 10 1.44 95 1.02 1.44
8.3.3.6,,, 4, Cd 1300, 1960, 1973
8.3.3.6, 1979, 1982 80 1979, 1985, 5 80 99,, 50 80 196 Cd, 60 50,,, 60 10 g/g creatinine cr.
8.3.3.6 2MG, 70 50,,, 70 1,000 g/g cr. 2MG,
8.3.3.6 1982, 1985,,, 50 285 2MG 1,000 g/g cr.,, 2MG,, 2MG, 1MG,,
8.3.3.6 Cd 6.6, 11.2 g/g cr., 1MG metallothionein, Tohyama et al., 1986; 1988
8.3.3.6 Iwata 1993, 1979 102 2MG Cd 1989 10, 1981, Cd 1969 213 g/ 1983 106 g/ 10 48 Cd 8.5 g/g cr. 6.0 g/g cr.
8.3.3.6, 2MG 40 2MG 1,000 g/g cr. 1.8, Cd, 1998, 2001 1996 1988, Cd, Cd 14,, HCO3-, 9,,
8.3.3.6 Iwata 1991a, 1991b, Arisawa 2001 1979, 1982 1982 1989, 2MG 1,000 g/g cr. SMR 215 95 [CI] 93-424, 187 95 CI 116-287, Cox, 2MG,, 2MG Iwata et al., 1991b
8.3.3.6, 2MG 1,000 g/g cr. SMR 76 95 CI 41-131, 35 95 CI 7-103, SMR 101, 95% CI 63-155, SMR 126, 95% CI 81-186 1997 Arisawa et al., 2001, 2MG 1,000 g/g cr., 1,000 g/g cr. SMR 138 95% CI 101-183, 66 95% CI 49-87, 90 95% CI 73-109
8.3.3.7 1976 1978 7 Cd, 4.4, 4.2, 2.9, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0, 7 0, 1979
8.3.3.7 Kawada, 40 400, Cd N-acetyl- -D-glucosaminidase NAG Cd 1.59, 1.48 g/g cr. Cd, Cd NAG r=0.20, p<0.01 2MG
8.3.3.7 Nakadaira 2003, Cd 98 24 86 50 20 83 Cd 2.69, 4.68 g/g cr. 1.08, 1.69 g/g cr., 2MG 1,000 g/g cr.
9.1 9.1.1 25,000 30,000 4,000 13,000 0.2
9.1.1 0.01 0.0 5 0.005 0.05
9.1.1 10 40 / 10 40 / / /
9.1.1 118 39 / Cd 0.020 0.033 /L 0.2 0 1.7 9 15 / 1996
9.1.1 29.3 / 2001 Horiguchi(2005) 27.4 33.0 / 5.70 6.72 /Kg / (7 /Kg) 21.1 / 1995 121 g/ 1997
WHO, 1992; Goyer and Clarkson, 2001; Thevenod, 2003
140-260 µg/ 50 50 µg/ 10 Thun et al., 1989 2000 mg Nogawa et al., 1989 30-50 µg/ Satarug et al., 2003
9 2 2 D WHO, 1992 Honda et al., 2003 JMETS Horiguchi et al.
9 2 3 Goyer and Clarkson, 2001 WHO, 1992
9 2 4 WHO, 1992 Houtman, 1993; Nishijo et al., 1995. Järup, 1998; Goyer and Clarkson, 2001;, 2002
9 2 5 Goyer and Clarkson, 2001
9 2 6, 2002 in vitro in vivo (Johnson et al. 2003)
9 2 7, 2002 1993 IARC A Verougstraete et al, 2003
9 2 7 Sorahan and Lancashire, 1997; Verougstraete et al, 2003 1993, 2002; Verougstraete et al, 2003 Goyer and Clarkson, 2001
9 2 8 N- - -D- 1 WHO, 1992; Goyer and Clarkson, 2001
9 3 9 3 1 In animals 150 µg/g, 2000 150 µg/g, 2003 4.08 µg/g Brzoska et al., 2003, 2004
9 3 9 3 2 In humans 10 200 µg/g 50 300 µg/g WHO, 1992; Goyer and Clarkson, 2001;, 2003 1989 JECFA PTWI 7 µg/kg / 50 µg/g, 2003; Horiguchi et al., 2004 1978 1993 2700 19 µg/g 50 µg/g 3.9 Lyon et al., 1999
9.4 9.4.1. Suwazono et al (2000) 2 Cd 4 1,105 1,608 Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd 2MG NAG Cd Cd 2MG NAG Cd
9.4.1. Ezaki et al (2003) 10 Cd 10,753 1,000 / Cd 1MG 2MG 1MG 2MG Cd 1MG 2MG
9.4.1. Ezaki et al (2003) 10 Cd 10,753 1,000 / Cd 1MG 2MG 1MG 2MG Cd 1MG 2MG Suwazono et al (2000) 1 Ezaki et al (2003)
9.4.1. Cd Cd Ezaki et al (2003) Cd MG 2MG Cd PTWI Cd PTWI Cd
9.4.1. Diamond et al (2003) Cd 15 Cd Cd Cd
9.4.2 Horiguchi et al (2004) 5 Cd 1,381 Cd MG 2MG Cd Cd provisional tolerable weekly intake; PTWI Cd Horiguchi et al. 2005)
Cd Cd Cd (Kjellström 1977a)
EU Cd Cd 37 11.3 Cd 5.5 g Cd/l 5.4 g Cd/g cr 2 g Cd/g cr 4 g Cd/g cr 10 g Cd/g cr (Roels et al 1993)
Cd 45 Cd 2MG RBP Cd Cd 300 mg/m 3 4.3 Thun et al., 1989)
Cd
1
WHO 30mg/ l 300mg/ l
94-98% 2% 24
15-20%
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 22.000
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (Brody et al. 1994), 22.000
(Brody et al. 1994) g/g cr.) 2MG ( g/g cr.)
10 10,000 30 80 0.4 0.7
1MG 2MG 3 1MG 2MG 1.2-1.8 2 1.4
1MG 2MG ( R=0.272 R=0.202) R=0.280 R=0.213 1MG 2MG
1MG 2MG